Health Informatics is taught at five New Zealand universities. The most mature and established is the Otago programme which has been offered for over a decade. Health Informatics New Zealand (HINZ), i ...
Healthcare InformaticsClinical InformaticsPublic Health InformaticsCommunity Health InformaticsHome Health InformaticsNursing InformaticsMedical InformaticsClinical BioinformaticsInformatics for Educa ...
The Oncology Nursing Certification Corporation (ONCC) offers several different options for board certification in oncology nursing. Certification is a voluntary process and ensures that a nurse has pr ...
The National Certification Corporation (NCC) offer certifications for obstetrical nurses. These include RNC-OB (Inpatient Obstetrics), RNC-MNN (Maternal Newborn Nursing), and C-EFM (Electronic Fetal M ...
Perioperative nurses in the USA may perform several roles, including Circulating (or Circulator or scout) nurse, Instrument (or scrub) nurse, Pre-operative (or patient reception) nurse, Post Anaesthet ...
Palliative care is a term derived from Latin palliare, "to cloak". It refers to specialised medical care for people with serious illnesses. It is focused on providing patients with relief from the sym ...
All cardiac nurses are registered nurses. In the past, the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) offered certification in Cardiac Rehabilitation Nursing. However, ANCC has retired that exam, and ...
SubcategoriesThis category has the following 21 subcategories, out of 21 total.A► Allied health professions (1 C, 20 P)► Aquatic therapy (10 P)C► Caregiving (24 P)► Chiropractic (5 C, 51 P ...
In 1966 The American Nursing Association amended its bylaws to allow the creation of certification boards for nurses in various areas of practice.Two years later, the ANC's Nursing Practice Department ...
Economists record demand on a demand schedule and plot it on a graph as a demand curve that is usually downward sloping. The downward slope reflects the negative or inverse relationship between price ...
Nursing shortage is an issue in many countries around the world. In order to remedy the problem, psychological studies have been completed to ascertain how nurses feel about their career in the hope t ...
Nurse licensure is the process by which various regulatory bodies, usually a Board of Nursing, regulate the practice of nursing within its jurisdiction. The primary purpose of nurse licensure is to gr ...
The governing body responsible for making changes to the NCLEX is the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, the NCSBN. They make changes by analyzing the current nursing practices. They do this ...
The American Association of the Colleges of Nursing (AACN) delineates revised and updated competencies, curriculum development, and required clinical experiences expected of every graduate of a CNL ma ...
The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world. Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former co ...
Differences between adult and geriatric medicine Geriatrics differs from standard adult medicine because it focuses on the unique needs of the elderly person. The aged body is different physiologicall ...
Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (1961), written by sociologist Erving Goffman, examined the social situation of mental patients in the hospital. Based on h ...
The term "psychiatry" was first coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808 and literally means the 'medical treatment of the soul' (psych- "soul" from Ancient Greek psykhē "soul"; - ...
Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping, their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight. Birds are endothermic, have a high metabolic ...
All vertebrates have a similar basic body plan and at some point in their lives, (mostly in the embryonic stage), share the major chordate characteristics; a stiffening rod, the notochord; a dorsal ho ...
The Certified Emergency Nurse (CEN) designation is applied to a Registered Nurse who has demonstrated expertise in emergency nursing by passing a computer-administered examination given by the Board o ...
Family physicians in the United States may hold either an M.D. or a D.O. degree. Physicians who specialize in family medicine must successfully complete an accredited three-year family medicine reside ...
CNSs work with other nurses to advance their nursing practices, improve outcomes, and provide clinical expertise to effect system-wide changes to improve programs of care. CNSs work in specialties tha ...
Nurse anesthetists have been providing anesthesia care in the United States for 150 years. According to the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, nurse anesthetists are the oldest nurse specialt ...
United States Main article: Nurse midwives in the United StatesCertified nurse midwife (CNM) In 2010 the first wave of certified nurse-midwives graduated from Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) programs ...
Nurse practitioners manage acute and chronic medical conditions (both physical and mental) through comprehensive history taking, physical exam, and the ordering of diagnostic tests and medical treatme ...
A Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) is an advanced-level postgraduate degree for registered nurses and is considered an entry-level degree for nurse educators and managers. The degree also may prepar ...
The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) is an autonomous nursing education accrediting agency that contributes to the improvement of the public's health. The CCNE is recognized by the U. ...
The National League for Nursing promotes excellence in nursing education to build a strong and diverse nursing workforce to advance the health of our nation and the global community.History The NLN wa ...
In Australia, the term community college is not used. Analogous to community colleges are colleges or institutes of Technical and Further Education (TAFEs) Sometimes Technical and continuing Education ...
A Diploma in Nursing or Nursing Diploma is an entry-level tertiary education nursing credential.In the United States, this diploma is usually awarded by hospital-based nursing schools. Students awarde ...
Although the common perception is that self-employment is concentrated in a few service sector industries, like real estate sales people and insurance agents, research by the Small Business Administra ...
The nursing assistant, nursing auxiliary, auxiliary nurse, patient care assistant, patient care technician, home health aide/assistant, geriatric aide/assistant, psychiatric aide, nurse aide, or nurse ...
A board of nursing is a regulatory body that oversees the practice of nursing within a defined jurisdiction, typically a state or province. The board typically approves and oversees schools of nursing ...
Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) are also known as licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) in California and Texas. These individuals usually have eighteen months to two years of training in anatomy and phy ...
The Japanese Nursing Association (JNA) (日本看護協会) is the group of midwives and nurses in Japan. It governs the nursing associations of each of the 47 prefectures.
According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), transitioning advance practice registered nursing programs from the graduate level to the doctoral level is a "...response to chang ...
The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) and the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) are the accreditation bodies for Bachelor of Science in Nursing programs in the U ...
An Associate of Science in Nursing (ASN) is a tertiary education nursing degree which typically take 2–3 years to complete. In the United States, this type of degree is usually awarded by community c ...
Public health nursing is a nursing specialty focused on public health. Public Health Nurses (PHN's) "integrate community involvement and knowledge about the entire population with personal, clinical u ...
Japan only recognizes four types of nurses: Public Health Nurses, Midwives, Registered Nurses and Assistant Nurses.Public health nursing is designed to help the public and is also driven by the public ...
Orthopaedic nursing (or orthopedic nursing) is a nursing specialty focused on the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. Orthopaedic issues range from acute problems such as fractures ...
Specific Jobs and Personal Qualities Critical Care Nurses are also known as ICU nurses. They treat patients who are chronically ill or at risk for deadly illnesses. The main job of a Critical Care Nur ...
Main article: History of YukonLong before the arrival of Europeans, central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people, and the area escaped glaciation. The volcanic eruption of Mount Ch ...
Many other specialized bachelor's degrees are offered as well. Some are in very specialized areas, like the five-year BID or BSID degree in industrial design. Others are offered only at a limited numb ...
In most African countries the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power. For example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian syst ...
In 1908, representatives of 16 organized nursing bodies met in Ottawa to form the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses (CNATN). By 1911, CNATN comprised 28 affiliated member societies, incl ...
Most provinces in Canada prefer that the Registered Nurse hold a Baccalaureate degree typically a Bachelor of Science in Nursing or similar (degree names vary slightly depending on the granting instit ...
Many individuals and organisations contribute towards the preparation of the BNF. It is jointly published by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society and the BMJ Group, which is owned by the British Medical A ...
Catheters come in several basic designs:A Foley catheter (indwelling urinary catheter) is retained by means of a balloon at the tip that is inflated with sterile water. The balloons typically come in ...
Substances that may be infused intravenously include volume expanders, blood-based products, blood substitutes, medications and nutrition.Volume expanders Main article: Volume expanderThere are two ma ...
There are many ways in which blood can be drawn from a vein. The best method varies with the age of the patient, equipment available and tests required.Most blood collection in the US, UK and Hong Kon ...
Cannulae normally come with a trocar attached, which allows puncturing of the body in order to get into the intended space. Many types of cannulae exist:Intravenous cannulae are the most common in hos ...
According to the definition of the International Confederation of Midwives, which has also been adopted by the World Health Organization and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics:A ...
Nursing school institutions and departments within universities in the United Kingdom.Pages in category "Nursing schools in the United Kingdom"The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 tota ...
Since 1992, Russian higher education has introduced a multilevel system, enabling higher education institutions to award and issue Bachelor of Science and Master of Science Degrees.In Russia, Ukraine ...
The modern academic system of academic degrees evolved and expanded in the medieval university, spreading everywhere across the globe as the institution did:"No other European institution has spread o ...
The word "matron" is derived from the Latin for "mother", via French.The matron was once the most senior nurse in a hospital (in the United Kingdom before ca. 1967). She was responsible for all the nu ...
Health visitors are professional individuals engaged in public health work within the domestic setting, predominantly found in countries with state-funded health systems. They are distinct from distri ...
District nurses assess people to see how to provide nursing care that allows people to remain in their own homes, maintain their independence, or have additional support after discharge from hospital. ...
Accident services were already provided by workmen's compensation plans, railway companies, and municipalities in Europe and the United States by the late mid-nineteenth century, but the first special ...
The World Health Organization attributes the provision of essential primary care as an integral component of an inclusive primary health care strategy. Primary care involves the widest scope of health ...
Established in 2002, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) is a statutory body set up by the Parliament of the United Kingdom through the Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001. The NMC is the UK regulato ...
Florence Nightingale is regarded as the founder of modern nursing. There was no real hospital training school for nurses until one was established in Kaiserwerth, Germany, in 1846. There, Nightingale ...
Prior to the transfer of nursing education to the university sector, nurses were trained in a course of instruction in hospital nursing schools that awarded a certificate in general nursing. These cou ...
NIOSH abides by a strategic plan for meeting institutional goals and allocating resources. The Institute has three overarching goals:Conduct research to reduce work-related illnesses and injuriesPromo ...
Since MSDs involve soft tissue, there are often no visible signs of injury. Therefore, assessments are based on self-reports by people as to whether or not they are experiencing pain. A popular measur ...
In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during the time of the Abbasid caliph ...
Lawyers in private practice generally work in specialized businesses known as law firms, with the exception of English barristers. The vast majority of law firms worldwide are small businesses that ra ...
In practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the term "lawyer" may vary from place to place.In Australia, the wor ...
A legal nurse consultant (LNC) is a registered nurse who uses expertise as a health care provider and specialized training to consult on medical-related legal cases. LNCs assist attorneys in reading m ...
Clinical Assistance – medical and pharmaceutical advice and research.Clinical Assistance helps members understand tests, treatments, and medications recommended or prescribed by physicians, facilitat ...
Patient advocacy activities often start as an offshoot activity from patient support groups or are the primary role of patient interest groups. Their activities include for a large part support activi ...
A separate and identifiable field of health advocacy grew out of the patient rights movement of the 1970s. This was clearly a period in which a "rights-based" approach provided the foundation of much ...
Main article: Military organizationIn most countries the basis of the armed forces is the military, divided into basic military branches. However, armed forces can include other paramilitary structure ...
Long-term care can be provided formally or informally. Facilities that offer formal LTC services typically provide living accommodation for people who require on-site delivery of around-the-clock supe ...
The birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a shipping line with routes between England and the Iber ...
A broad definition of a nurse-led clinic defines these clinics based on what nursing activities are performed at the site. Nurses within a nurse-led clinic assume their own patient case-loads, provide ...
As of 2012, there were approximately 19,000 occupational health nurses in the US. Occupational health nurse training in the U.S. is supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Heal ...
Since the 1980s new methods of marketing for prescription drugs to consumers have become important. Direct-to-consumer media advertising was legalised in the FDA Guidance for Industry on Consumer-Dire ...
The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources. The first of these are local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine an ...
The founder of the idea that language and worldview are inextricable is the Prussian philologist, Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). Humboldt argued that language was part of the creative adventure of ...
Paradigm comes from Greek "παράδειγμα" (paradeigma), "pattern, example, sample" from the verb "παραδείκνυμι" (paradeiknumi), "exhibit, represent, expose" and that from "παρά ...
Assessment is the first stage of the nursing process in which the nurse carries out a complete and holistic nursing assessment of every patient's needs, regardless of the reason for the encounter. Usu ...
The primary organization for defining, dissemination and integration of standardized nursing diagnoses worldwide is NANDA-International formerly known as the North American Nursing Diagnosis Associati ...
In the opinion of Jesuit scholar Joseph Fitzmyer, the book, "overwhelms the reader by the density and sublimity of the topic with which it deals, the gospel of the justification and salvation of Jew a ...
The Source New Testament offers a literal translation from the Ancient Greek of the Romans passage:I recommend to you Phoebe our fellow believer, who is a minister of the assembly in Cenchrea, so that ...
Of the texts in the corpus, none is proven to be by Hippocrates himself. The works of the corpus range from Hippocrates' time and school to many centuries later and rival points of view. Franz Zachari ...
Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale to the ...
The nursing process is goal-oriented method of caring that provides a framework to nursing care. It involves six major steps:AAssess (what data is collected?)DDiagnose (what is the problem?)OOutcome I ...
Its focus is holistic, and is based on the clinical judgment of the nurse, using assessment data collected from a nursing framework.It is based upon identifiable nursing diagnoses (actual, risk or hea ...
Czechoslovakia had the following constitutions during its history (1918–1992):Temporary constitution of 14 November 1918 (democratic): see History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)The 1920 constitution ...
1918–1938: A democratic republic.1938–1939: After annexation of Sudetenland by Germany in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthen ...
In 2001 the literacy rate was estimated to be 67.2% (80.9% male and 54.1% female). The education system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is governed by three government ministries: the Ministè ...
The Democratic Republic of the Congo was formerly known as, in chronological order, Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville), Republic of Zaire and Democratic Republic of ...
Since 1983, Ivory Coast's capital has been Yamoussoukro. Abidjan is the administrative center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan. The Ivoirian population continues to suffer because o ...
Portuguese and French merchant-explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries divided the west coast of Africa, very roughly, into five coasts reflecting local economies. The coast that the French named the ...
There are many different varieties of African French, but they can be broadly grouped into three categories:the French spoken by Africans in Western, Central, and East Africa – about 75 million first ...
APRNs demonstrate effective integration of theory, practice and experiences along with increasing degrees of autonomy in judgments and interventions. Intensive post-graduate education is designed to t ...
Main article: Bachelor of Science in NursingThe third method is to obtain a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), a four-year degree that also prepares nurses for graduate-level education. For the fir ...
The most common initial nursing education is a two-year Associate Degree in Nursing (Associate of Applied Science in Nursing, Associate of Science in Nursing, Associate Degree in Nursing), a two-year ...
The registration of nurses by nursing councils or boards began in the early twentieth century. New Zealand registered the first nurse in 1901 with the establishment of the Nurses Registration Act. Nur ...
The holistic concept in medical practice, which is distinct from the concept in the alternative medicine, upholds that all aspects of people's needs including psychological, physical and social should ...
According to the 2010–2011 Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, licensed practical nurses care for patients in many ways:Often, they provid ...
The nature of nursing means that nursing ethics tends to examine the ethics of caring rather than 'curing' by exploring the everyday interaction between the nurse and the person in care. Early work to ...
Henderson was born on November 30, 1897 in Kansas City, Missouri to Daniel B. Henderson, a lawyer who worked with Native Americans, and Lucy Minor (Abbot) Henderson. She was the fifth of their eight c ...
On 1 April 2010 the RCN announced the launch of the RCN Foundation – an independent charity to support nursing and improve the health and wellbeing of the public. The new foundation will undertake a ...
The ICN was founded in 1899 with Great Britain, the United States, and Germany as charter members.The ICN is governed by a Council of National Representatives (CNR). The CNR is the governing body of t ...
The film is based on a play by Allan Kenward which opened in Hollywood, California in September 1942. The play was also presented on Broadway, under the title Proof Through the Night with Carol Channi ...
On 12 February 1942 the Sarawak royal yacht Vyner Brooke left Singapore just before the city fell to the Imperial Japanese Army. The ship carried many injured service personnel and 64 nurses of the 2/ ...
Lemnos is mostly flat (hence its more than 30 sand beaches), but the west, and especially the northwest part, is rough and mountainous (highest elevation: Mount Vigla, 470 m). The chief towns are Myri ...
1st Australian General Hospital (Queensland)2nd Australian General Hospital (New South Wales)3rd Australian General Hospital (New South Wales)4th Australian General Hospital (New South Wales)5th Austr ...
Famous VAD nurses include:Enid Bagnold, British author of the novel National Velvet, on which the 1944 film with Elizabeth Taylor was based. Her account of her experiences are related in her memoir A ...
The initial ranking system used by the PMRAFNS was as follows.PMRAFNS rank Equivalent RAF rank (from 1943)Staff Nurse Sister Flying OfficerSenior Sister Flight LieutenantMatron Squadron LeaderPrincipa ...
Although an "official" nursing service was not established until 1881, the corps traces its heritage to Florence Nightingale, who was instrumental in lobbying for the support of female military nurses ...
The vast majority of troops fighting for the British army came from the United Kingdom. However, a significant number came from other parts of the British Empire. These countries had their own interna ...
The conflict is commonly referred to as simply the Boer War, since the First Boer War (December 1880 to March 1881) is much less well known. "Boers" was the common term for Afrikaans-speaking settlers ...
Returning to besiege Acre, Bonaparte learned that contre-amiral Perrée had landed seven siege artillery pieces at Jaffa. Bonaparte then ordered two assaults, both vigorously repulsed. A fleet was sig ...
At the time of the expedition, the Directoire had assumed executive power in France. It would resort to the army to maintain order in the face of the Jacobin and royalist threats, and count in particu ...
The southern part of the African continent was dominated in the 19th century by a set of epic struggles to create within it a single unified state. British expansion into southern Africa was fueled by ...
Although an "official" nursing service was not established until 1881, the corps traces its heritage to Florence Nightingale, who was instrumental in lobbying for the support of female military nurses ...
Netley, sometimes referred to as Netley Abbey, is a village on the south coast of Hampshire, England. It is situated on the east side of the city of Southampton. It is flanked on the one side by the r ...
During the Crimean War (1854 to 1856), news of dreadful conditions in military hospitals in the Crimea caused political concern in England, and contributed to the fall of the government in 1855 due to ...
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, many of the independent U.S. Lutheran church bodies moved progressively toward greater unity. In 1960, for example, a number of such bodies joined to form the Am ...
William Alfred Passavant was born in 1821 in Zelienople, Pennsylvania, the third and youngest son of Phillipe Louis Passavant and Fredericka Wilhelmina Basse (nicknamed "Zelie," hence the town's name) ...
About the year 700 the monk Saint Suitbert founded a Benedictine abbey at Werth, a river island that formed an important crossing point of the Rhine. The abbey was destroyed 88 years later. On that ar ...
Fliedner was born in Eppstein in the Taunus, the son of a Lutheran minister. Pastor Fliedner studied theology and was, for a time, a house teacher. In 1821 he assumed the pastorate in the poor municip ...
Many religious communities have the term Sisters of Charity as part of their name. The rule of Saint Vincent for the Daughters of Charity has been adopted and adapted by at least sixty founders of rel ...
Mother Maria Theresia Bonzel founded the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration in 1863 in Olpe, Germany. Drawn to the ideals of St. Francis, Mother Theresia cared for poor ...
The Sisters of St. Mary (S.S.M.) was a former Roman Catholic religious congregation for women based in St. Louis, Missouri that founded hospitals throughout the Midwest. It was merged with another con ...
Sisters of Mercy is an international community of Roman Catholic women religious vowed to serve people who suffer from poverty, sickness and lack of education with a special concern for women and chil ...
Saint Jeanne Jugan began with very little. She was born during the French Revolution and reduced to poverty when her father was lost at sea. As a teenager, she went to work as a kitchen maid for a wea ...
Catholic social teaching urges concern for the sick. Jesus Christ, whom the church holds as its founder, placed a particular emphasis on care for the sick and outcast, such as lepers. According to the ...
The oldest reference to women deacons occurs in Paul’s letters (c. AD 55–58). Their ministry is mentioned by early Christian writers such as Clement of Alexandria. and Origen. Secular evidence from ...
Public health journals often indicate their target audience as being interdisciplinary, including health care professionals, public health decision-makers and researchers. A main objective is to suppo ...
A patient must have confidence in the competence of their physician and must feel that they can confide in him or her. For most physicians, the establishment of good rapport with a patient is importan ...
The Nurses Registration Act was passed on 12 September 1901 in New Zealand, providing for the registration of trained nurses.The legislation came into effect on 1 January 1902, leading New Zealand to ...
Cope was baptized Maria Anna Barbara Koob (later changed to Cope). She was born January 23, 1838, in Heppenheim in the Grand Duchy of Hesse to Peter Koob (1787–1862) and Barbara Witzenbacher (1803–1 ...
Barton's father was Captain Stephen Barton, a member of the local militia and a selectman. Barton's mother was Sarah Stone Barton, a homemaker.When three years old, Clara was sent to school with her b ...
The Dimock Center is an outpatient clinic in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It was opened as the New England Hospital for Women and Children on July 1, 1862 by Dr. Marie Zakrzewska ...
Florence Nightingale was one of the pioneers in establishing the idea of nursing schools from her base at St Thomas' Hospital, London in 1860 when she opened the 'Nightingale Training School for Nurse ...
Richards was born Malinda Ann Judson Richards on July 27, 1841 in West Potsdam, New York. She was the youngest of three daughters of Betsy Sinclair Richards and Sanford Richards, a preacher, who named ...
Agnes Elizabeth Jones (1832 – 1868) of Fahan, County Donegal, Ireland became the first trained Nursing Superintendent of Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. She gave all her time and energy to her patient ...
The classical name Tauris or Taurica is from the Greek Ταυρική, after the peninsula's Scytho-Cimmerian inhabitants, the Tauri. Strabo and Ptolemy refer to the Strait of Kerch as the Bosporus Ci ...
After the end of the war, Seacole returned to England destitute and in poor health. In the conclusion to her autobiography, she records that she "took the opportunity" to visit "yet other lands" on he ...
Mary Seacole was born Mary Jane Grant in Kingston, Jamaica, the daughter of a Scottish soldier in the British Army and a free Jamaican woman. Seacole's mother was a "doctress", a healer who used tradi ...
Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not is a book first published by Florence Nightingale in 1859. A 136-page volume, it was intended to give hints on nursing to those entrusted with the healt ...
Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia, in Florence, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's o ...
As the Ottoman Empire steadily weakened decade after decade, Russia stood poised to take advantage by moving south. In the 1850s the British, as well as the French, were determined not to allow this t ...
Beginning at the end of the 18th century, several international revivals of Pietism (such as the Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening) took place across denominational lines, largely in the ...
The term "Protestant" was first used for German princes who issued a protest or dissent against the edict of the Diet of Speyer, which reversed prior concessions made to Lutherans. During the Reformat ...
The Reformation in Ireland was a movement for the reform of religious life and institutions that was introduced into Ireland by the English administration at the behest of King Henry VIII of England. ...
The oldest Protestant Churches, such as the Unitas Fratrum (Unity of the Brethren), Moravian Church (Bohemian Brethren) date their origins to Jan Hus in the early 15th century. As it was led by a Bohe ...
Ethos (ἦθος, ἔθος, plurals: ethe (ἤθη), ethea (ἤθεα)) is a Greek word originally meaning "accustomed place" (as in ἤθεα ἵππων "the habitat of horses", Iliad 6.511), "custom, ha ...
Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā Uni ...
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana) as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of ...
Main article: Gautama BuddhaThis narrative draws on the Nidānakathā biography of the Theravāda sect in Sri Lanka, which is ascribed to Buddhaghoṣa in the 5th century CE. Earlier biographies such a ...
In Muslim tradition, Muhammad (c. 570 – June 8, 632) is viewed as the last in a series of prophets. During the last 22 years of his life, beginning at age 40 in 610 CE, according to the earliest surv ...
Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means "volu ...
The Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning "follower of Christ", comes from Χριστός (Christos), meaning "anointed one", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote a ...
In the Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy monasticism holds a very special and important place: "Angels are a light for monks, monks are a light for laymen" (St. John Klimakos). The Orthodox Chu ...
All Buddhist traditions have nuns, although their status is different among Buddhist countries. The Buddha is reported to have allowed women into the sangha only with great reluctance, predicting that ...
1860 - In May 1860 advertisements appeared seeking young lady nurses for training, but responses were not overwhelming; however, in July 1860 15 hand-picked probationers entered the Nightingale Traini ...
In the U.S., the role of public health nurse began in Los Angeles in 1898, by 1924 there were 12,000 public health nurses, half of them in the 100 largest cities. Their average annual salary in larger ...
Catholic women played large roles in health and healing in medieval and early modern Europe. A life as a nun was a prestigious role; wealthy families provided dowries for their daughters, and these fu ...
Initial organizational plans were made for the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States of America in 1896 in Manhattan Beach. In February 1897, those plans were ratified in Baltimore at a meeti ...
In the United States and Canada, many nurses who choose a specialty become certified in that area, signifying that they possess expert knowledge. There are over 200 nursing specialties and subspecialt ...
Within Western culture and over recent centuries, conventional Western medicine has become increasingly based on scientific reductionism and materialism. This style of medicine is now dominant through ...
Prescriptions may be entered into an electronic medical record system and transmitted electronically to a pharmacy. Alternatively, a prescription may be handwritten on preprinted prescription forms th ...
In the modern world, there are a number of nursing specialities.Professional organizations or certifying boards issue voluntary certification in many of these specialties.Ambulatory care nursingAdvanc ...
In most jurisdictions, health care professions with scope of practice laws and regulations include any profession within health care that requires a license to practice such as physicians, nurses, res ...
During past decades, the changes in education have replaced the more practically focused, but often ritualistic, training structure of conventional preparation. Nurse education integrates today a broa ...
Middle-range nursing theories are narrower in scope than grand nursing theories and offer an effective bridge between grand nursing theories and nursing practice. They present concepts and proposition ...
Early versions of healthcare-related quality of life measures referred to simple assessments of physical abilities by an external rater (for example, the patient is able to get up, eat and drink, and ...
Physical therapy involves the interaction between therapist(s), patients or clients, other health care professionals, families, care givers, and communities in a process where movement potential is as ...
Main articles: Chiropractic education and List of chiropractic schoolsRegardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experienc ...
An osteopath is a person who has achieved the nationally recognized academic and professional standards within his or her country to independently practice diagnosis and provide treatment based upon t ...
Main article: Human skeletonFront view of a skeleton of an adult humanThe skeletal system serves many important functions; it provides the shape and form for our bodies in addition to supporting, prot ...
Indications and contraindications Devocalization is usually performed at the request of an animal owner (where the procedure is legally permitted). The procedure may be forcefully requested as a resul ...
dogs since ancient times.Traditional cropping Historically, cropping was performed on dogs that might need to fight, either while hunting animals that might fight back or while defending livestock her ...
Historically, tail docking was thought to prevent rabies, strengthen the back, increase the animal's speed, and prevent injuries when ratting, fighting, and baiting. In early Georgian times in the Uni ...
Medically indicated onychectomy The amputation of the distal phalanx is indicated in case of chronic inflammatory processes, tumours, persistent and severe infections and gangrene that are limited to ...
Historically, internal medicine physicians have practiced both in clinics and in hospitals, often in the same day. Pressures on time have led to many internal medicine physicians to choose one practic ...
After earning a medical degree (M.D. or D.O.), the length of training in the United States for a general dermatologist to be eligible for Board Certification by the American Academy of Dermatology, Am ...
In the United States, Canada and Europe, veterinary surgery is one of 20 veterinary specialties recognized by the American Veterinary Medical Association respectively the European Board of Veterinary ...
Horses have been used in warfare for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates to between 4000 to 3000 BC, and the use of horses in warfare was widesp ...
Horses are mammals, and as such are warm-blooded, or endothermic creatures, as opposed to cold-blooded, or poikilothermic animals. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context ...
Specific terms and specialized language are used to describe equine anatomy, different life stages, colors and breeds.Lifespan and life stagesDepending on breed, management and environment, the modern ...
Zoological medicine refers to the specialty of veterinary medicine that addresses the care of captive zoo animals, free ranging wildlife species, aquatic animals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and n ...
Animal-rearing has originated during the cultural transition to settled farming communities rather than hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Animals are ‘domesticated’ when their breeding and living conditio ...
States, cities, and towns in Western nations commonly enact local ordinances to limit the number or kind of pets a person may keep personally or for business purposes. Prohibited pets may be specific ...
Internal medicine is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, management and nonsurgical treatment of unusual or serious diseases, either of one particular organ system or of the body as a ...
The concept of publicly funded agricultural and technical educational institutions first rose to national attention through the efforts of Jonathan Baldwin Turner in the late 1840s. The first land-gra ...
The Iowa State Daily is the university's student newspaper. The Daily has its roots from a news sheet titled the Clipper, which was started in the spring of 1890 by a group of students at Iowa Agricul ...
In 1856, the Iowa General Assembly enacted legislation to establish the State Agricultural College and Model Farm. This institution (now Iowa State University) was officially established on March 22, ...
Education in Philadelphia is provided by many private and public institutions. The School District of Philadelphia runs the city's public schools. The Philadelphia School District is the eighth larges ...
Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape (Delaware) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon.Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century, with the first ...
In general, New York has a humid continental climate, though under the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate. Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two c ...
Newspapers The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald are two of the city's major daily newspapers. The city is also served by other publications such as Boston magazine, The Improper Bostonian, DigBoston ...
In 2010 Boston was estimated to have 618,023 residents (a density of 12,200 persons/sq mile, or 4,700/km2) living in 272,000 housing units— a 5% population increase over 2000. Some 1.2 million person ...
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England ...
Australia Scout Association of Australia (23 August 1967)Universities and colleges The University of Sydney obtained a Royal Charter in 1858 (3 February 1858)The University of Tasmania obtained a Roya ...
On its website, the following roles of the RCVS are listed:To safeguard the health and welfare of animals committed to veterinary care through the regulation of the educational, ethical and clinical s ...
London's bus network is one of the largest in the world, running 24 hours a day, with approximately 8,500 buses, more than 700 bus routes and around 19,500 bus stops. In 2013, the network had more tha ...
He was born 9 December 1761 in Spring Gardens, London, the second surviving son of Thomas Penn and his wife, Lady Juliana Fermor, fourth daughter of Thomas, first Earl of Pomfret. He studied at Magdal ...
He was born at Odiham in Hampshire and educated at Robert May's School, Odiham, Winchester College, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Before graduating, he edited a reprint of John Burton's Penta ...
On 16 May 1783, the Odiham Agricultural Society was inaugurated as a 'society for the encouraging of Agricultural and Industry in their town and neighbourhood'. The activities and influence of some of ...
Saint-Exupéry International Airport, located east of Lyon, serves as a base for domestic and international flights. It is an important transport facility for the entire Rhône-Alpes region. Coach lin ...
Main article for early, mainly Roman, history: Lugdunum. Main article for both Roman and later history: History of Lyon.Further information: Ecclesiastical history of LyonFourvière hill was a Roman c ...
As it is a Morbillivirus, the rinderpest virus (RPV) is closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses. As a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, it is an enveloped, negative-sense singl ...
Claude Bourgelat (March 27, 1712 – January 3, 1779) was a French veterinary surgeon.Bourgelat was born at Lyon. He was the founder of veterinary colleges at Lyon in 1761, as well as an authority on h ...
Carlo Ruini (1530–1598) was one of the most noted anatomists of the horse of the 16th century.He was born into a wealthy family in Bologna, Italy and was privately educated in the style of most upper ...
The City is well served by the London Underground network and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), with 11 Underground stations (counting the connected Bank and Monument stations separately) and two DLR ...
Main article: Roman LondonIt used to be widely held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD, during the early years of the Roman occupat ...
Of the 69 cities in the United Kingdom, the City of London is among the 30 that have Lord Mayors (or, in Scotland, Lords Provost). The Lord Mayor is entitled to the style The Right Honourable; the sam ...
Since the early history of domestication of the horse, working animals were found to be exposed to many conditions that created breakage or excessive hoof wear. Ancient people recognized the need for ...
In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Wher ...
Ashoka was born to the Mauryan emperor Bindusara and a relatively lower ranked wife of his, Dharmā . He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, founder of Mauryan dynasty. The Avadana texts mention ...
In order to propagate the Buddhist faith, Ashoka explains he sent emissaries to the Hellenistic kings as far as the Mediterranean, and to people throughout India, claiming they were all converted to t ...
Shalihotra (c. 2350 BCE), the son of a Brahmin sage, Hayagosha, is considered the founder of veterinary sciences. He is said to have lived in Sravasti (modern Sahet-Mahet on the borders of Gonda and B ...
See also: Indo-European migrations and Indo-Aryan migrationThe commonly proposed period of earlier Vedic age is dated back to 2nd millennium BCE. After the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation, w ...
Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious ...
Bacterial infections are classified by the causative agent as well as the symptoms and medical signs produced.Symptomatic infections are apparent, whereas an infection that is active, but does not pro ...
A partial list of vectors that can carry zoonotic infectious organisms is below. Xenozoonosis is zoonosis transmitted by xenotransplantation (transplantation between species).ApesChimpanzeeGorillaAssa ...
Historically, the jobs of farrier and blacksmith were practically synonymous, shown by the etymology of the word: farrier comes from Middle French: ferrier (blacksmith), from the Latin word ferrum (ir ...
Dentistry usually encompasses very important practices related to the oral cavity. Oral diseases are major public health problems due to their high incidence and prevalence across the globe with the d ...
Physical therapy involves the interaction between therapist(s), patients or clients, other health care professionals, families, care givers, and communities in a process where movement potential is as ...
Veterinary nurse and technician thumbIn the majority of anglophone countries, paraveterinary workers with a formal scope of practice, and a degree of autonomy in their role, are known as a veterinary ...
The word veterinary comes from the Latin veterinae meaning "working animals". "Veterinarian" was first used in print by Thomas Browne in 1646.The term veterinarian is used in North America and other c ...
Anthropologists believe that the Stone Age people and hunter-gatherers relied on wildlife, both plants and animals, for their food. In fact, some species may have been hunted to extinction by early hu ...
This is a list of animals that have been domesticated by humans.Species and subspecies Wild ancestor Date Location of origin Purpose Image Degree and type of domestication Extent in wild vs captivityD ...
In many cases, the terms disease, disorder, morbidity and illness are used interchangeably. In some situations, specific terms are considered preferable.DiseaseThe term disease broadly refers to any c ...
To establish efficacy, an antidepressant must show that it can produce a therapeutic effect for the condition for which it is taken. An antidepressant should be more efficacious than placebo to justif ...
Gum, patchs, nasal spray, inhaler and lozenges all improve the ability of people trying to quit smoking.Forms Nicotine patches are a transdermal patch for the administration of nicotine. Nicotine gum, ...
"Cold turkey" describes the actions of a person who abruptly gives up a habit or addiction rather than gradually easing the process through gradual reduction or by using replacement medication.The sup ...
Major reviews of the scientific literature on smoking cessation include:Systematic reviews of the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group of the Cochrane Collaboration. As of 2012, this independent, internat ...
The hypothesis is that the use of cannabis leads to other hard drugs via a sequence of stages. This is based on the observation that many consumers who use cocaine or heroin have previously used canna ...
A 1994 report from the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, found a correlation between the use of cigarettes and alcohol and the subsequent use of cannabis. The report asse ...
Philip Morris was born in Whitechapel in 1835, the son of a recent immigrant from Germany who had taken the name Bernard Morris. In 1847, the family opened a shop in London. The first cigarettes that ...
Reynolds was born on July 20, 1850, at Rock Spring Plantation near Critz, Patrick County, Virginia, to Nancy Jane Cox Reynolds and Hardin Reynolds, a tobacco farmer and slaveowner.R.J. Reynolds Tobacc ...
As of January 1, 2010, the fire-safe cigarette law was in effect in 43 states. It has been signed into law and became effective in all states and the District of Columbia in 2012. State laws generally ...
The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European and African elements. Until the nineteenth century Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, alth ...
Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning "citizen of Rome". The first known use of the appellation was attested in 16th-century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wa ...
Local festivals, similar to those in southern Italy, are commonplace in Malta and Gozo, celebrating weddings, christenings and, most prominently, saints' days, honouring the patron saint of the local ...
Turkey has the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a 2011 NATO estimate. Turkey is one of five ...
Slovenia is a natural sports venue, with many Slovenians actively practicing sports. A variety of sports are played in Slovenia on a professional level, with top international successes in handball, b ...
According to both Landnámabók and Íslendingabók, Celtic monks known as the Papar lived in Iceland before the Norse settlers arrived, possibly members of a Hiberno-Scottish mission. Recent archaeol ...
There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile. According to 17th-century Spanish chronicler Diego de Rosales, the Incas called the valley of the Aconcagua "Chili" by corruption of the ...
The first people settled in the territory of Lithuania after the last glacial period in the 10th millennium BC. Over a millennium, the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who arrived in the 3rd – 2nd millennium BC ...
One hypothesis is that the modern name of Estonia originated from the Aesti described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania (ca. 98 AD).Ancient Scandinavian sagas refer to a land called Eistl ...
Temasek ('sea town'), a second century outpost of the Sumatran Srivijaya empire, is the earliest known settlement on Singapore. The island was part of the Sri Vijaya Empire until it was invaded by the ...
Around 3000 BCE, the proto-Baltic ancestors of the Latvian people settled on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The Balts established trade routes to Rome and Byzantium, trading local amber for prec ...
The Constitution of Ireland provides that "he name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland". Under Irish statute law, Republic of Ireland (or Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the descrip ...
The minimum legal age to purchase or smoke cigarettes or tobacco products varies from country to country. Ages range from 15 to 21.CountryRegionSmoking agePurchase ageNoteAlgeria Africa None 16 In Alg ...
The Labour Government elected in 1945 had made manifesto commitments to implement the recommendations of the Beveridge Report of 1942. The report's recommendation to create "comprehensive health and r ...
The European Commission derives from one of the five key institutions created in the supranational European Community system, following the proposal of Robert Schuman, French Foreign Minister, on 9 Ma ...
In its early stages of development, TV employed a combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image. By the late 1920s, those employing onl ...
Effects In 1981, the FFC reported that the health warning labels as mandated by the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act had little effect on American smoking habits. Congress therefore passed the Comp ...
The FCC's mission, specified in Section One of the Communications Act of 1934 and amended by the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (amendment to 47 U.S.C. §151) is to "make available so far as possible, ...
The rationale for smoking bans posits that smoking is optional, whereas breathing is not. Therefore, proponents say, smoking bans exist to protect breathing people from the effects of second-hand smok ...
Pirja e duhanit mund të vrasëSmoking can killPirja e duhanit ju dëmton ju dhe të tjerët rreth jushSmoking seriously harms you and others around youDuhanpirësit vdesin më të rinjSmokers die you ...
The idea for a broad-based consumption tax was first proposed by then federal treasurer Paul Keating at the 1985 Tax Summit but was dropped at the behest of then Labor Prime Minister Bob Hawke after p ...
The state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe. They were called the ouemessourita (wimihsoorita), meaning "those who have du ...
The price elasticity of supply measures how the amount of a good that a supplier wishes to supply changes in response to a change in price. In a manner analogous to the price elasticity of demand, it ...
The etymology of the word excise is derived from the Dutch accijns, which is presumed to come from the Latin accensare, meaning simply "to tax".Regulatory and legal definitions of 'excise' vary by cou ...
Although cigarettes were not popular in the United States until the mid-19th century, the federal government still attempted to implement a tax on tobacco products such as snuff early on in its histor ...
The WHO has long been active in preventing the myriad health issues that result from tobacco consumption. As the leading cause of preventable death globally, tobacco has seen an upsurge in both its co ...
Tobacco has been taxed by state governments in the United States for decades. The cumulative revenue of US tobacco taxation exceeded $32 billion in 2010, creating a major source of income for governme ...
The word Bahá'í is used either as an adjective to refer to the Bahá'í Faith or as a term for a follower of Bahá'u'lláh. The word is not a noun meaning the religion as a whole. It is derived fr ...
Chapter 2, Revelation 185 of the Quran states:The month of Ramadan is that in which was revealed the Quran; a guidance for mankind, and clear proofs of the guidance, and the criterion (of right and wr ...
At the end of the 19th century, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian proclaimed himself to be the "Centennial Reformer of Islam" (Mujaddid), metaphorical second coming of Jesus and the Mahdi (guided one) awai ...
Kagan was born in Zhetl, Hrodno Guberniya, today's Belarus, on February 6, 1838, and died in Radun', Wilno Voivodship, Poland (pop. 250), today's Belarus, on September 15, 1933. When Kagan was ten yea ...
Joseph Smith, Jr. was born on December 23, 1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph, a merchant and farmer. After suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the ...
The driving force behind and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was Joseph Smith, and to a lesser extent, during the movement's first two years, Oliver Cowdery. Throughout his life, Smith told o ...
"According to anishinabe tradition, and from records of wiigwaasabak (birch bark scrolls), the people migrated from the eastern areas of North America, and from along the East Coast. In old stories, t ...
"Neolithic" is not generally used to describe indigenous cultures in the Americas, see Archaeology of the Americas.The usual theory of the settlement of the Americas is that earliest ancestors of the ...
Calumet is a Norman word , first recorded in David Ferrand's La Muse normande around 1625–1655. Its first meaning was "sort of reeds used to make pipes", with a suffix substitution for calumel. It co ...
Fullington got his start in professional wrestling in the Philadelphia-based Tri-State Wrestling Alliance under the ring name Mr. Sandman, managed by his then real-life wife Peaches. He also performed ...
Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a ...
Ennis began his comic-writing career in 1989 with the series Troubled Souls. Appearing in the short-lived but critically acclaimed British anthology Crisis and illustrated by McCrea, it told the story ...
Preacher tells the story of Jesse Custer, a preacher in the small Texas town of Annville. Custer was accidentally possessed by the supernatural creature named Genesis in an incident which killed his e ...
Moore was born on 18 November 1953, at St. Edmond’s Hospital in Northampton, Northamptonshire, England, to a working-class family whom he believed had lived in the town for several generations.(p11) ...
John Constantine first appeared in 1985 as a recurring character in the horror series The Saga of the Swamp Thing, in which he acted as a "supernatural advisor" to the main character.In these early ap ...
ertigo originated in 1993 under the stewardship of Karen Berger, a Brooklyn College graduate with a degree in English Literature and a minor in Art History, who had joined DC Comics in 1979 as an assi ...
Entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson's National Allied Publications debuted with the tabloid-sized New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 with a cover date of February 1935. The company's second t ...
Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland. His father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was born in England of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary (n ...
Doyle said that the character of Sherlock Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for dr ...
Born into the aristocratic family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father, used the surname "Churchill" in public life. Hi ...
Wilson was born at 4 Warneford Road, Huddersfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England on 11 March 1916, an almost exact contemporary of his rival, Edward Heath (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005). He ...
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, to third-generation German-American parents Kurt Vonnegut, Sr., and Edith (Lieber) Vonnegut. Both his father and his grandfather Bernard Vonnegut ...
Murrow was born Egbert Roscoe Murrow at Polecat Creek, near Greensboro, in Guilford County, North Carolina, the son of Roscoe C. Murrow and Ethel F. (née Lamb) Murrow. His parents were Quakers. He wa ...
Bertrand Russell was born on 18 May 1872 at Ravenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire, into an influential and liberal family of the British aristocracy. His parents, Viscount and Viscountess Amberley, wer ...
A military brat, Douglas MacArthur was born 26 January 1880, at the Arsenal Barracks in Little Rock, Arkansas, to Arthur MacArthur, Jr., a U.S. Army captain, and his wife, Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur ...
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879. His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née K ...
Gauloises cigarettes first appeared in 1910. The brand is most famous for its cigarettes' strength, especially in its original unfiltered version. Forty years later, filtered Gauloises cigarettes debu ...
Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris as the only child of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of the French Navy, and Anne-Marie Schweitzer. His mother was of Alsatian origin and the first cousin of Nobel ...
Communal smoking of a sacred tobacco pipe is a common ritual of many Native American tribes and is considered a sacred part of their religion. Sema, the Anishinaabe word for tobacco, was grown for cer ...
The first known advertisement in the USA was for the snuff and tobacco products of P. Lorillard and Company and was placed in the New York daily paper in 1789. Advertising was an emerging concept, and ...
