| Long-term CR in humans results in a reduction of several metabolic and hormonal factors that have been associated with increased risk of some of the most common type of cancer in developed countries.[12] Individuals practicing CR without malnutrition have lower levels of total and abdominal fat, circulating insulin, testosterone, estradiol and inflammatory citokines.[13][14][15] However, unlike in rodents, long-term CR does not reduce serum IGF-1 levels in humans, unless protein intake is also reduced.[16][17] |
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