Although it is arguable that humans have been studying complex systems for thousands of years, the modern scientific study of complex systems is relatively young in comparison to conventional fields o ...
The word "experience" may refer, somewhat ambiguously, both to mentally unprocessed immediately perceived events as well as to the purported wisdom gained in subsequent reflection on those events or i ...
Long before Charles Darwin published his book On the Origin of Species in 1859, animal breeders knew that patterns of behavior are somehow influenced by inheritance from parents. Studies of identical ...
Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of the American philosopher, scientist, and psychologist William James. ...
In the scientific literature different kind of systems psychology have been mentioned:Applied systems psychologyIn the 1970s the term applied systems psychology was being used as a specialism directly ...
The term systems engineering can be traced back to Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1940s. The need to identify and manipulate the properties of a system as a whole, which in complex engineering pro ...
Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines th ...
Cell theory states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and that all living things are composed of one or more cells or the secreted products of those cells (e.g. shells). All cells arise fr ...
An ontological reduction reduces the number of ontological primitives that exist within an ontology. This simplifies philosophy, because every ontological primitive demands a special explanation for i ...
In the latter half of the 20th century, holism led to systems thinking and its derivatives, like the sciences of chaos and complexity. Systems in biology, psychology, or sociology are frequently so co ...
These specific systems are widely studied in Human anatomy. "Human" systems are also present in many other animals.Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with ...
Systems biology can be considered from a number of different aspects:As a field of study, particularly, the study of the interactions between the components of biological systems, and how these intera ...
The term "Enlightenment" did not come into use in English until the latter part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (u ...
Some Greek philosophers of antiquity, among them Aristotle, founder of Aristotelian physics, may have been the first to maintain the idea that "everything happens for a reason" and that theoretical pr ...
Despite being used in a non-technical sense as interchangeable, interpreting and translation are not synonymous. Interpreting takes a message from a source language and renders that message into a dif ...
