Lyapunov was born in Yaroslavl, Russian Empire. His father Mikhail Vasilyevich Lyapunov (1820–1868) was an astronomer and a head of the Demidovski lyceum. His brother, Sergei Lyapunov, was a gifted c ...
One way to simulate a two-dimensional cellular automaton is with an infinite sheet of graph paper along with a set of rules for the cells to follow. Each square is called a "cell" and each cell has tw ...
Von Foerster was born in 1911 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, as Heinz von F?rster. He was the grandson of Austrian architect Emil Ritter von Foerster. He studied physics at the Technical University of V ...
Von Neumann was born Neumann János Lajos (Hungarian pronunciation: ; in Hungarian the family name comes first) in Budapest, Austro-Hungarian Empire, to wealthy Jewish parents. He was the eldest of th ...
Wiener was born in Columbia, Missouri, the first child of Leo Wiener and Bertha Kahn, Jews of Polish and German origin, respectively. Norbert Wiener became a famous child prodigy. Leo had educated Nor ...
Every adaptive system converges to a state in which all kind of stimulation ceases.A formal definition of the Law of Adaptation is as follows:Given a system S, we say that a physical event E is a stim ...
The central connectionist principle is that mental phenomena can be described by interconnected networks of simple and often uniform units. The form of the connections and the units can vary from mode ...
The original "principle of the self-organizing dynamic system" was formulated by the cybernetician Ashby in 1947. It states that any deterministic dynamic system will automatically evolve towards a st ...
Definitions of complexity often depend on the concept of a "system"—a set of parts or elements that have relationships among them differentiated from relationships with other elements outside the rel ...
There are several definitions of "political system":A political system is a complete set of institutions, interest groups (such as political parties, trade unions, lobby groups), the relationships bet ...
Easton earned his undergraduate degree at the University of Toronto in 1939, his M.A. in 1943 and Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1947; an LL.D. at McMaster University in 1970 and he attended Kalamaz ...
In the preface of the Principia, Newton wrote Rational Mechanics will be the science of motions resulting from any forces whatsoever, and of the forces required to produce any motions, accurately prop ...
Isaac Newton was born (according to the Julian calendar in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643), at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a ha ...
Aristotle, whose name means "the best purpose", was born in 384 BCE in Stagira, Chalcidice, about 55 km (34 miles) east of modern-day Thessaloniki. His father Nicomachus was the personal physician to ...
Little can be known about Plato's early life and education due to the very limited accounts. The philosopher came from one of the wealthiest and most politically active families in Athens. Ancient sou ...
