Jackson studied Politics, Philosophy and Economics at Oxford University in the 1970s. Afterwards he spent 4 years in the civil service before returning to academic life. He has since studied and taugh ...
Flood received his B.A. in Systems and Management in 1983 at the City University and his PhD in Philosophy in Systems Science at the City University in 1985. In 1997 he was awarded of Doctor of Scienc ...
Checkland attended George Dixon’s Grammar School, and in 1954 received a M.A. degree in chemistry at St John's College, Oxford, where he graduated with 1st class honours.He worked in the industry for ...
Beer was born in London in 1926. He started a degree in philosophy at University College London, but left in 1944 to join the army. He saw service in India and stayed there until 1947. In 1949, he was ...
Russell L. Ackoff was born in 1919 in Philadelphia to Jack and Fannie (Weitz) Ackoff. He received his bachelor degree in architecture at the University of Pennsylvania in 1941. After graduation, he ta ...
After completing secondary school at the Liceo Manuel de Salas in 1947, Maturana enrolled at the University of Chile, studying first medicine then biology. In 1954, he obtained a scholarship from the ...
Varela was born in 1946 in Santiago in Chile, the son of Corina María Elena García-Tapia and Raúl Andrés Varela-Rodríguez. After completing secondary school at the Liceo Aleman del Verbo Divino i ...
Autopoiesis was originally presented as a system description that was said to define and explain the nature of living systems. A canonical example of an autopoietic system is the biological cell. The ...
Some of the earliest theories of life were materialist, holding that all that exists is matter, and that life is merely a complex form or arrangement of matter. Empedocles (430 BC) argued that every t ...
With respect to the terms source and target there are two distinct traditions of usage:The logical and cultures and economics tradition speaks of an arrow, homomorphism, mapping, or morphism from what ...
The idea of emergence has been around since at least the time of Aristotle. John Stuart Mill and Julian Huxley are two of many historical scientists who have written on the concept.The term "emergent ...
The Center for Complex Quantum Systems is a research institute within the Department of Physics of The University of Texas at Austin in the United States.The center, founded in 1967 by Ilya Prigogine, ...
Prigogine was born in Moscow a few months before the Russian Revolution of 1917, into a Jewish family. His father, Roman (Ruvim Abramovich) Prigogine, was a chemical engineer at the Imperial Moscow Te ...
Ludwig von Bertalanffy was born and grew up in the little village of Atzgersdorf (now Liesing) near Vienna. The Bertalanffy family had roots in the 16th century nobility of Hungary which included seve ...
Microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system. These entities include private and public players with various classifications, ty ...
