The Handbook of Mathematical Logic makes a rough division of contemporary mathematical logic into four areas:set theorymodel theoryrecursion theory, andproof theory and constructive mathematics (consi ...
The classical model of drug cutting (cf. Preble Casey, 1969) refers to the way that illicit drugs were diluted at each stage of the chain of distribution.Drug markets have changed considerably since ...
Logicians have many different views on the nature of material implication and approaches to explain its sense.As a truth function In classical logic, the compound p→q is logically equivalent to the n ...
In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclud ...
Those theorists who use the concept of possible worlds consider the actual world to be one of the many possible worlds. For each distinct way the world could have been, there is said to be a distinct ...
Bertrand Russell theorized that a statement, to be true, must have a structural isomorphism with the state of affairs in the world that makes it true. For example, "A cat is on a mat" is true if, and ...
In addressing the question of who invented the incandescent lamp, historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list 22 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. They conclud ...
Joseph Wilson Swan was born in 1828 at Pallion Hall in Pallion in the Parish of Bishopwearmouth (now part of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear). His parents were John Swan and Isabella Cameron. He was said to ...
The difference between indicative and counterfactual conditionals, in a context of past time reference, is one of emphasis, and can be illustrated with a pair of examples in which the if clause is in ...
Narrowly speaking, the sorites paradox refers to situations where there are many discrete states (classically between 1 and 1,000,000 grains of sand, hence 1,000,000 possible states), while the contin ...
The paradox was first raised in Greek legend as reported by Plutarch,"The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned from Crete had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even ...
Common themes in paradoxes include self-reference, infinite regress, circular definitions, and confusion between different levels of abstraction.Patrick Hughes outlines three laws of the paradox:Self- ...
The word "proof" comes from the Latin probare meaning "to test". Related modern words are the English "probe", "probation", and "probability", the Spanish probar (to smell or taste, or (lesser use) to ...
A set S is called countable if there exists an injective function f from S to the natural numbers N = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.If this f is also surjective and therefore bijective, then S is called countably ...
In the mathematical field of set theory, the continuum means the real numbers, or the corresponding (infinite) cardinal number, \mathfrak{c}. It is known that the cardinality \mathfrak{c} is larger th ...
