On the third day of the conquest, Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and sent his troops back outside the city walls. Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes, an eyewitness to the fall of Constantino ...
Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman Emperor Constantine the Great. In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was ca ...
The original method of counting years was ordinal, whether 1st year A.D. or regnal 10th year of King Henry VIII. This ordinal numbering is still present in the names of the millennia and centuries, fo ...
See also: Islamic capitalism and Bayt al-malDuring the Muslim Agricultural Revolution, the Caliphate understood that real incentives were needed to increase productivity and wealth and thus enhance ta ...
The following excerpt from the Qur'an, known as the 'Istikhlaf Verse', is used by some to argue for a Quranic basis for Caliphate:God has promised those of you who have attained to faith and do righte ...
The caliph was often known as Amir al-Mu'minin (Arabic: ???? ????????? "Commander of the Believers"). Muhammad established his capital in Medina; after he died, it remained the capital du ...
The influence of the Sassanid Empire continued long after it ceased to exist. The empire, through the guidance of several able emperors prior to its fall, had achieved a Persian renaissance that would ...
The Persians had long known of the Egyptian calendar, with its 365 days divided into 12 months. However, the traditional Zoroastrian calendar had 12 months of 30 days each. During the reign of Ardashi ...
See also: Roman relations with the Parthians and Sassanids and Roman-Persian WarsFrequent warfare with neighborsA fine cameo showing an equestrian combat of Shapur I and Valerian in which the Roman em ...
Origins and early history (205–310)Ghal'eh Dokhtar (or "The Maiden's Castle") in present-day Fars, Firuzabad, Iran, built by Ardashir in 209, before he was finally able to defeat the Parthian empire. ...
The Patriarchate of Alexandria was founded by Mark the Evangelist around 33. The historian Helmut Koester has suggested, with some evidence, that originally the Christians in Egypt were predominantly ...
As a province, Aegyptus was ruled by a prefect instead of the traditional senatorial governor of other Roman provinces. The prefect was a man of equestrian rank and was appointed by the Emperor. The f ...
The Syrian army accounted for three legions of the Roman army, defending the Parthian border. In the 1st century AD, it was the Syrian army that enabled Vespasian's coup.Syrian province forces were di ...
Asia province originally consisted of Mysia, the Troad, Aeolis, Lydia, Ionia, Caria, and the land corridor through Pisidia to Pamphylia. Aegean islands except Crete, were part of the Insulae (province ...
Unlike the other three "classical" prefectures that are mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum (Gaul, Italy-Africa and the East), the early administrative history of Illyricum as a prefecture during the ...
