These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = 1?2 and J = 3?2 configurations with positive parity.Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist i ...
Early life and education Gell-Mann was born in lower Manhattan into a family of Jewish immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His parents were Pauline (Reichstein) and Arthur Isidore Gell-Mann, ...
Zweig was born in Moscow, Russia into a Jewish family. His father was a type of civil engineer known as a structural engineer. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1959, with a bachelor's d ...
Developing classification schemes for hadrons became a timely question after new experimental techniques uncovered so many of them, that it became clear that they could not all be elementary. These di ...
equations and Maxwell equations in four dimensions was first discovered by Gunnar Nordstr?m in 1914, in the context of his theory of gravity, but subsequently forgotten. Kaluza published his derivati ...
In particle physics one gains knowledge about elementary particles by accelerating particles to very high kinetic energy and letting them impact on other particles. For sufficiently high energy, a rea ...
Before the Standard Model (SM) was developed in the 1970s (the key elements of the Standard Model known as quarks were proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964), physicists observed hundr ...
In special relativity, a faster-than-light particle would have space-like four-momentum, in contrast to ordinary particles that have time-like four-momentum. It would also have imaginary mass and prop ...
In more recent years, a new class of theories has also suggested the existence of magnetic monopoles.During the early 1970s, the successes of quantum field theory and gauge theory in the development o ...
Pre-twentieth century Many early scientists attributed the magnetism of lodestones to two different "magnetic fluids" ("effluvia"), a north-pole fluid at one end and a south-pole fluid at the other, w ...
Under rotations, classical geometrical objects can be classified into scalars, vectors, and tensors of higher rank. In classical physics, physical configurations need to transform under representation ...
If mirror matter is present in the universe with sufficient abundance then its gravitational effects can be detected. Because mirror matter is analogous to ordinary matter, it is then to be expected t ...
The discovery of flux compactifications have opened the way for reconciling inflation and string theory. A new theory, called brane inflation suggests that inflation arises from the motion of D-branes ...
An expanding universe generally has a cosmological horizon, which, by analogy with the more familiar horizon caused by the curvature of the Earth's surface, marks the boundary of the part of the unive ...
Many things about the nature of dark energy remain matters of speculation. The evidence for dark energy is indirect but comes from three independent sources:Distance measurements and their relation to ...
