A phonon is a quantum mechanical description of an elementary vibrational motion in which a lattice of atoms or molecules uniformly oscillates at a single frequency. In classical mechanics this is kno ...
Solids are made of only three kinds of particles: Electrons, protons, and neutrons. Quasiparticles are none of these; instead they are an emergent phenomenon that occurs inside the solid. Therefore, w ...
One of the first studies of condensed states of matter was by English chemist Humphry Davy, in the first decades of the 19th century. Davy observed that of the 40 chemical elements known at the time, ...
There are exceptions to the definition above, and many solid chemical materials familiar on Earth (for example many silicate minerals) do not have simple formulas in which various elements that are ch ...
The science of molecules is called molecular chemistry or molecular physics, depending on whether the focus is on chemistry or physics. Molecular chemistry deals with the laws governing the interactio ...
Chemical reactions such as combustion in the fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity. Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek ...
The outermost electron shell of an atom in its uncombined state is known as the valence shell, and the electrons in that shell are called valence electrons. The number of valence electrons determines ...
The name atom comes from the Greek ?τομο? (atomos, "indivisible") from ?- (a-, "not") and τ?μνω (temnō, "I cut"), which means uncuttable, or indivisible, something that cannot be divided ...
A chart or table of nuclides is a simple map to the nuclear, or radioactive, behaviour of nuclides, as it distinguishes the isotopes of an element. It contrasts with a periodic table, which only maps ...
Nuclear reactions may be shown in a form similar to chemical equations, for which invariant mass must balance for each side of the equation, and in which transformations of particles must follow certa ...
Nuclide refers particularly to a nucleus rather than to an atom. Identical nuclei belong to one nuclide, for example each nucleus of the carbon-13 nuclide is composed of 6 protons and 7 neutrons. The ...
Nuclides and isotopes Designation Characteristics Example RemarksIsotopes equal proton number 126C, 136C Isotones equal neutron number 136C, 147N Isobars equal mass number 177N, 178O, 179F see beta de ...
Main article: Rutherford modelThe nucleus was discovered in 1911, as a result of Ernest Rutherford's efforts to test Thomson's "plum pudding model" of the atom. The electron had already been discovere ...
In principle, it is theoretically possible for all properties of glueballs to be calculated exactly and derived directly from the equations and fundamental physical constants of quantum chromodynamics ...
