Fitness is often defined as a propensity or probability, rather than the actual number of offspring. For example, according to Maynard Smith, "Fitness is a property, not of an individual, but of a cla ...
Selective breeding of both plants and animals has been practiced since early prehistory; key species such as wheat, rice, and dogs have been significantly different from their wild ancestors for mille ...
The English word "caste" derives from the Spanish and Portuguese casta, which the Oxford English Dictionary quotes John Minsheu's Spanish dictionary (1599) to mean, "race, lineage, or breed". When the ...
Andrews is an internationally-recognized expert on biotechnologies. Her path-breaking litigation about reproductive and genetic technologies and the disposition of frozen embryos caused the National L ...
George J. Annas is the William Fairfield Warren Distinguished Professor and Chair of the Department of Health Law, Bioethics Human Rights at the Boston University School of Public Health, School of M ...
Complications and various definitions of the conceptThere is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be bi ...
After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by people who had lost World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocide. ...
Racial segregation has appeared in all parts of the world where there are multiracial communities. Where racial amalgamation has occurred on a large scale, as in Hawaii and Brazil, there was no legal ...
Like other terms borrowed from history, "euthanasia" has had different meanings depending on usage. The first apparent usage of the term "euthanasia" belongs to the historian Suetonius who described h ...
Human population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting the population's bir ...
Although ideas of rights and liberty have existed in some form for much of human history, they do not resemble the modern conception of human rights. According to Jack Donnelly, in the ancient world, ...
The term "genetic discrimination" was coined by the Council for Responsible Genetics (CRG). In 1993, the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) Working Group of the Human Genome Project issued ...
Various definitions of biopolitics In Kjellén's organicist view, the state was quasi-biological organism, a "super-individual creature". Kjellén sought to study "the civil war between social groups ...
The ?bermensch (German) (English Overman or Superman) is a concept in the philosophy of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche—he posited the ?bermensch as a goal for humanity to set for itself in ...
The term first appeared in Europe in 1877, and around this time it was used by sociologists opposed to the concept. The term was popularized in the United States in 1944 by the American historian Rich ...
