The earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the definition of "map" is not sharp and because some artifacts speculated to be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting, ...
The History of Spatial Analysis Spatial analysis can perhaps be considered to have arisen with early attempts at cartography and surveying but many fields have contributed to its rise in modern form. ...
In 1960, all the largest industrialised nations that had an established history of using the metric system were members of the European Economic Community (EEC).In 1972, in order to harmonise units of ...
Main article: History of the metric systemThe metric system was first implemented during the French Revolution (1790s) with just the metre and kilogram as standards of length and mass respectively. In ...
An expanding universe generally has a cosmological horizon, which, by analogy with the more familiar horizon caused by the curvature of the Earth's surface, marks the boundary of the part of the unive ...
During the 1970s and 80s, various observations showed that there is not sufficient visible matter in the universe to account for the apparent strength of gravitational forces within and between galaxi ...
Timeline of the Big BangMain article: Timeline of the Big BangSingularitySee also: Gravitational singularityExtrapolation of the expansion of the universe backwards in time using general relativity yi ...
Physics and astrophysics have played a central role in shaping the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment. What is known as physical cosmology has been shaped thro ...
Describing the shape of the universe requires a consideration of two aspects:its local geometry, which mostly concerns the curvature of the universe, particularly the observable universe, andits globa ...
Using the Arecibo 305m antenna, Hulse and Taylor detected pulsed radio emissions and thus identified the source as a pulsar, a rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron star. The neutron star rotate ...
In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is treated as a phenomenon resulting from the curvature of spacetime. This curvature is caused by the presence of mass. Generally, the more mass tha ...
Observations of binary pulsars provide strong indirect evidence for the existence of gravitational waves (see Orbital decay, above). However, gravitational waves reaching us from the depths of the cos ...
Soon after publishing the special theory of relativity in 1905, Einstein started thinking about how to incorporate gravity into his new relativistic framework. In 1907, beginning with a simple thought ...
Carl Friedrich Gauss in his 1827 Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas (General investigations of curved surfaces) considered a surface parametrically, with the Cartesian coordinates x, y, ...
Main article: History of complex numbersAn illustration of the complex plane. The imaginary numbers are on the vertical coordinate axis.Although Greek mathematician and engineer Heron of Alexandria is ...
