It is useful to consider that environmental policy comprises two major terms: environment and policy. Environment refers to the physical ecosystems, but can also take into consideration the social dim ...
Habibullo Abdussamatov (2004), head of space research at St. Petersburg's Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory in Russia, has argued that the sun is responsible for recently observed climate change. Journ ...
section introduces some concepts in climate science that are used in the following sections:Factors affecting Earth's climate can be broken down into feedbacks and forcings.:7 A forcing is something t ...
The Instrumental Period: from 1850Main article: Instrumental temperature recordDetailed information exists since 1850, when methodical thermometer-based records began.Tropospheric temperature (the sat ...
The Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km of the planet's surfac ...
The anemometer has changed little since its development in the 15th century. Leon Battista Alberti is said to have invented the first mechanical anemometer around 1450. In following centuries, numerou ...
When atmospheric pressure is measured by a barometer, the pressure is also referred to as the barometric pressure. Let's take a barometer with a cross-sectional area, A, a height, h, filled with mercu ...
Although Evangelista Torricelli is universally credited with inventing the barometer in 1643, historical documentation also suggests Gasparo Berti, an Italian mathematician and astronomer, unintention ...
Thermometers can be divided into two separate groups according to the level of knowledge about the physical basis of the underlying thermodynamic laws and quantities. For primary thermometers the meas ...
While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale. There is today an absolute thermodyna ...
Satellites do not measure temperature. They measure radiances in various wavelength bands, which must then be mathematically inverted to obtain indirect inferences of temperature. The resulting temper ...
The Hadley Centre maintains the HadCRUT4, a monthly-mean global surface temperature analysis, and NASA maintains GISTEMP, another monthly-mean global surface temperature analysis, for the period since ...
In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to le ...
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and plat ...
The myriad defenses displayed by plants means that their herbivores need a variety of techniques to overcome these defenses and obtain food. These allow herbivores to increase their feeding and use of ...
