410 km discontinuity A single peak is seen in all seismological data at 410 km which is predicted by the single transition from α- to β- Mg2SiO4 (olivine to wadsleyite). From the Clapeyron slope the ...
The asthenosphere is a part of the upper mantle just below the lithosphere that is involved in plate tectonic movement and isostatic adjustments. The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is conventional ...
The mantle is divided into sections which are based upon results from seismology. These layers (and their thicknesses/depths) are the following: the upper mantle (starting at the Moho, or base of the ...
Immediately above the Moho, the velocities of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are synonymous with those through basalt (6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to that of peridotite or dunite (7.6 ...
The word "viscosity" is derived from the Latin "viscum", meaning "anything sticky, birdlime made from mistletoe, mistletoe". A viscous glue called birdlime was made from mistletoe berries and was used ...
Main category: NesosilicatesNesosilicates (from Greek νησο? nēsos, island), or orthosilicates, have isolated (insular) 4? tetrahedra that are connected only by interstitial cations. Nickel-Stru ...
In practice, rheology is principally concerned with extending continuum mechanics to characterize flow of materials, that exhibits a combination of elastic, viscous and plastic behaviour by properly c ...
Chemical substances (also called pure substances) may well be defined as "any material with a definite chemical composition" in an introductory general chemistry textbook. According to this definition ...
The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotit ...
Professor Clarke was the first theorist to advance a hypothesis regarding the evolution of elements. This concept emerged early in his intellectual career. His “Evolution and the Spectroscope” (1873 ...
During a close encounter of two members of the cluster, the members exchange both energy and momentum. Although energy can be exchanged in either direction, there is a statistical tendency for the kin ...
Phosphorus pentoxide crystallizes in at least four forms or polymorphs. The most familiar one, a metastable form, shown in the figure, comprises molecules of P4O10. Weak van der Waals forces hold thes ...
Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as well-known minerals rutile, anatase and brookite, and additionally as two high pressure forms, a monoclinic baddeleyite-like form and an orthorhombic α-PbO2-like ...
Water can be split into its constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen, by passing an electric current through it. This process is called electrolysis. Water molecules naturally dissociate into H+and O ...
Like many substances, water can take numerous forms that are broadly categorized by phase of matter. The liquid phase is the most common among water's phases (within the Earth's atmosphere and surface ...
