Consider an experiment that can produce a number of results. The collection of all results is called the sample space of the experiment. The power set of the sample space is formed by considering all ...
Main article: Probability interpretationsWhen dealing with experiments that are random and well-defined in a purely theoretical setting (like tossing a fair coin), probabilities can be numerically des ...
Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases in a closed system. All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate into a gaseous form, and all ga ...
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed.Pressure is force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object. Gauge ...
In physics, power is the rate of doing work. It is equivalent to an amount of energy consumed per unit time. In the MKS system, the unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), known as the watt in ho ...
The property of (linear) birefringence is widespread in crystalline minerals, and indeed was pivotal in the initial discovery of polarization. In mineralogy, this property is frequently exploited usin ...
Most sources of light are classified as incoherent and unpolarized (or only "partially polarized") because they consist of a random mixture of waves having different spatial characteristics, frequenci ...
The SI unit of luminous flux is the lumen (lm). One lumen is defined as the luminous flux of light produced by a light source that emits one candela of luminous intensity over a solid angle of one ste ...
In mathematics, Legendre functions are solutions to Legendre's differential equation:{d \over dx} \left + n(n+1)P_n(x) = 0.(1)They are named after Adrien-Marie Legendre. This ordinary differential equ ...
Let f and g be two functions defined on some subset of the real numbers. One writesf(x)=O(g(x))\text{ as }x\to\infty\,if and only if there is a positive constant M such that for all sufficiently large ...
Calculating a surface normal For a convex polygon (such as a triangle), a surface normal can be calculated as the vector cross product of two (non-parallel) edges of the polygon.For a plane given by t ...
The standard normal CDF is widely used in scientific and statistical computing. The values Φ(x) may be approximated very accurately by a variety of methods, such as numerical integration, Taylor seri ...
Standard normal distribution The simplest case of a normal distribution is known as the standard normal distribution. This is a special case where μ=0 and σ=1, and it is described by this probabilit ...
Nitrogen gas has a variety of applications, including serving as an inert replacement for air where oxidation is undesirable;As a modified atmosphere, pure or mixed with carbon dioxide, to nitrogenate ...
Nitrogen is formally considered to have been discovered by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air. Though he did not recognize it as an entirely different chemical sub ...
