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The following is a gallery of highly influential and important figures in the history of physics. For a list that includes even more people, see list of physicists. Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BCE): described buoyancy, developed formulae for the areas and volumes of spheres, cylinders, parabolas, worked extensively with levers, invented the Archimedes' screw, developed siege engines for warfare to impede the Roman invasion of Syracuse. Alhazen (965–1040): made significant improvements in optics, physical science, and the scientific method. In his book, Book of Optics, he showed through experiment that light travels in straight lines, and carried out various experiments with lenses, mirrors, refraction, and reflection, which earned him the title of the "Father of Modern Optics". Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543): published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) in 1543—often considered the starting point of modern astronomy—in which he argued that the Earth and the other planets revolved around the Sun (heliocentrism) Galileo Galilei (1564–1642): discovered the uniform acceleration rate of falling bodies, improved on the refracting telescope, discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter, described projectile motion and the concept of weight; known for championing of the Copernican theory of heliocentrism against Church opposition. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630): used the accurate observations of Tycho Brahe to formulate three fundamental laws of planetary motion, described elliptical motion of planets around the sun, developed early telescopes, invented the convex eyepiece, discovered a means of determining the magnifying power of lenses. Evangelista Torricelli (1608–47): invented the barometer (a glass tube of mercury inverted into a dish), found that the change of height of the mercury each day was from atmospheric pressure, worked in geometry and developed integral calculus, published findings on fluid and projectile motion in his 1644 Opera Geometrica (Geometric Works) Blaise Pascal (1623–62): experimented with fluids, formulated Pascal's law in the 1650s stating that the pressure applied to a fluid taken in a closed container is transmitted with equal force throughout the container, proved that air has weight and that air pressure can produce a vacuum, namesake of the unit of pressure: the pascal (Pa) Christiaan Huygens (1629–95): studied the rings of Saturn and discovered its moon Titan, invented the pendulum clock, studied optics and centrifugal force, theorized that light consists of waves (Huygens–Fresnel principle) which became instrumental in the understanding of wave-particle duality. Robert Hooke (1635–1703): formulated the law of elasticity, invented the balance spring, the spiral spring wheel in watches, the Gregorian telescope, and the first screw-divided quadrant, constructed first arithmetical machine, improved cell theory with the microscope Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727): established three laws of motion and a law of universal gravitation in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), laid foundations for classical mechanics, built the first practical reflecting telescope (the Newtonian telescope), observed that a prism splits white light into the colors of the visible spectrum, formulated a law of cooling, co-invented infinitesimal calculus Henry Cavendish (1731–1810): greatest English chemist and physicist of his age, researched composition of the atmosphere, the properties of different gases, the synthesis of water, the law of electrical attraction and repulsion, a mechanical theory of heat, calculated the weight of the Earth in the Cavendish experiment, determined the universal gravitational constant Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806): formulated a law in 1785 which described the electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles (attraction and repulsion) and was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism, namesake of the unit of electric charge: the coulomb (C) Alessandro Volta (1745–1827): built the first electric battery (the voltaic pile) in the 19th century, did substantial work with electric currents, namesake of the unit of electric potential: the volt (V) Thomas Young (1773–1829): established the principle of interference of light, resurrected the century-old theory that light is a wave, helped decipher the Rosetta Stone Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851): discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields (an important aspect of electromagnetism), shaped advances in science in the late 19th century, namesake of the oersted (Oe) (the cgs unit of magnetic H-field strength) André-Marie Ampère (1777–1836): main founder of electrodynamics, showed how an electric current produces a magnetic field, stated that the mutual action of two lengths of current-carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents (Ampère's law), namesake of the unit of electric current (the ampere) Joseph von Fraunhofer, (1787–1826): first to studied the dark lines of the Sun's spectrum, now known as Fraunhofer lines, first to use extensively the diffraction grating (a device that disperses light more effectively than a prism does), set the stage for the development of spectroscopy, making optical glass and achromatic telescope objectives. Georg Ohm (1789–1854): found that there is a direct proportionality between the electric current I and the potential difference (voltage) V applied across a conductor, and that this current is inversely proportional to the resistance R in the circuit, or I = V/R, known as Ohm's law, namesake of the unit of electrical resistance (the ohm) Michael Faraday (1791–1867): showed how a changing magnetic field can be used to generate an electric current (Faraday's law of induction), applied this knowledge to the development of several electrical machines, described principles of electrolysis, early pioneer in the field of low temperature study Christian Doppler (1803–53): first described how the observed frequency of light and sound waves is affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector, a phenomenon which became known as the Doppler effect. James Prescott Joule (1818–89): discovered that heat is a form of energy, ideas led to the theory of conservation of energy, worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperature, made observations on magnetostriction, found the relationship between current through resistance and the heat dissipated, now called Joule's law. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907): major figure in the history of thermodynamics, helped develop law of conservation of energy, studied wave motion and vortex motion in hydrodynamics and produced a dynamical theory of heat, formulated of the first and second laws of thermodynamics James Clerk Maxwell (1831–79): united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a consistent electromagnetic theory, formulated Maxwell's equations to show that electricity, magnetism and light are manifestations of the electromagnetic field, developed the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution (statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases) Ernst Mach (1838–1916): contributed the Mach number, studied shock waves and how airflow is disturbed at the speed of sound, influenced logical positivism, forerunner of Einstein's relativity through his criticism of Newton Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906): developed statistical mechanics (how the properties of atoms – mass, charge, and structure – determine the visible properties of matter, such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion), developed the kinetic theory of gases. Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923): produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range of X-rays or Röntgen rays in 1895, for which he earned the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901, namesake of element 111, Roentgenium Henri Becquerel (1852–1908): discovered radioactivity along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie, for which all three won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928): clarified electromagnetic theory of light, shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect, developed concept of local time, derived the transformation equations subsequently used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time. J. J. Thomson (1856–1940): showed in 1897 that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle (later named the electron), discovered isotopes, invented the mass spectrometer, awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the electron and for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases. Nikola Tesla (1856–1943): contributed to alternating current (AC) engineering, developed an AC induction motor. Invented the Tesla coil. Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894): clarified and expanded Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light, first to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves by engineering instruments to transmit and receive radio pulses Max Planck (1858–1947): founded quantum mechanics in 1900, showed how the energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency, won him the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics. He then used his quantum hypothesis to formulate Planck's Law, thereby resolving the ultraviolet catastrophe. Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943): shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for discovering the Zeeman effect (splitting a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field) Marie Curie (1867–1934): discovered the existence of radioactivity with Henri Becquerel and her husband Pierre Curie, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911), found techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, isolated plutonium and radium Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953): measured the charge on the electron, worked on the photoelectric effect, performed vital research pertaining to cosmic rays. Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937): considered "Father of Nuclear Physics", showed how the atomic nucleus has a positive charge, first to change one element into another by an artificial nuclear reaction, differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation, awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908 Lise Meitner (1878–1968): worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics, gave the first theoretical explanation for nuclear fission, for which her colleague, chemist Otto Hahn, was awarded the Nobel Prize. She is often mentioned, with Ida Noddack, as one of the most glaring examples of women's scientific achievement overlooked by the Nobel committee. Albert Einstein (1879–1955): revolutionized physics due to his theories of special and general relativity, described Brownian motion, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect, formulated mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, published more than 300 scientific papers and over 150 non-scientific works, considered the "Father of Modern Physics" Niels Bohr (1885–1962): used quantum mechanical model (known as the Bohr model) of the atom which theorized that electrons travel in discrete orbits around the nucleus, showed how electron energy levels are related to spectral lines, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961): formulated the Schrödinger equation in 1926 describing how the quantum state of a physical system changes with time, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933, two years later proposed the thought experiment known as Schrödinger's cat James Chadwick (1891–1974): James Chadwick's major work is the discovery of the neutron for which received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935. He was one of the primary British scientists who worked in the Manhattan Project in the United States during World War II. He was knighted in 1945 for achievements in physics. Louis de Broglie (1892–1987): researched quantum theory, discovered the wave nature of electrons, awarded the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics, ideas on the wave-like behavior of particles used by Erwin Schrödinger in his formulation of wave mechanics. Georges Lemaître (1894–1966): first person to propose the theory of the expansion of the Universe, first to derive what is now known as Hubble's law, made the first estimation of what is now called the Hubble constant which he published in 1927 (two years before Hubble's article), proposed the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958): pioneers of quantum physics, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945 (nominated by Albert Einstein), formulated the Pauli exclusion principle involving spin theory (underpinning the structure of matter and the whole of chemistry), published the Pauli–Villars regularization, formulated the Pauli equation, coined the phrase 'not even wrong' Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976): developed method to express ideas of quantum mechanics in terms of matrices in 1925, published his famous uncertainty principle in 1927, awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932 Enrico Fermi (1901–1954): developed first nuclear reactor (Chicago Pile-1), contributed to quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics, awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity. Paul Dirac (1902–1984): made fundamental contributions to the early development of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics, formulated the Dirac equation describing the behavior of fermions, predicted the existence of antimatter, shared the1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Erwin Schrödinger, John Bardeen (1908–1991): awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor and again in 1972 with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory. John Wheeler (1911–2008): revived interest in general relativity in the United States after World War II, worked with Niels Bohr to explain principles of nuclear fission, tried to achieve Einstein's vision of a unified field theory, coined the terms black hole, quantum foam, wormhole, and the phrase "it from bit". Richard Feynman (1918–1988): developed the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, developed the Feynman diagram representing subatomic particle behavior. Gerardus 't Hooft (1946–present): a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor at Utrecht University, he shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his thesis advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions". His work on electroweak theory was crucial to Peter Higgs in the development of higgs boson theory. Peter Higgs (1929–present): Along with François Englert, Robert Brout, Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and Tom Kibble, he developed the theory of Higgs field and Higgs boson, which together form the higgs mechanism that explains how subatomic particles gain their mass. However CERN have been cautious with the results, stating that new tests are needed to confirm the discovery. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013 for his work on the mentioned mechanism. |
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