United States President Obama requested $147.696 billion for research and development (RD) in FY2011. Much of this spending is devoted to basic research on the mechanisms of disease, which acts as the ...
Present-day RD is a core part of the modern business world. Major decisions in firms are made on base of research and development.Research and development is of great importance in business as the lev ...
New product design and development is more often than not a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In an industry that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and range of p ...
The research and development (RD, also called research and technical development or research and technological development, RTD in Europe) is a specific group of activities within a business. The acti ...
Internal inconsistency - applying strong PP risks causing harm Strong formulations of the precautionary principle, without regard to its most basic provisions that it is to be applied only where risks ...
The application of the precautionary principle is hampered by both lack of political will, as well as the wide range of interpretations placed on it. One study identified 14 different formulations of ...
Many definitions of the precautionary principle exist. Precaution may be defined as "caution in advance," "caution practised in the context of uncertainty," or informed prudence. Two ideas lie at the ...
The term, "precautionary principle" is generally considered to have arisen in English from a translation of the German term Vorsorgeprinzip in the 1980s.:31Many of the concepts underpinning the precau ...
The precautionary principle or precautionary approach states that if an action or policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of scientific consensu ...
Ihab Hassan, theorist in the academic study of literature, once stated:“ Humanism may be coming to an end as humanism transforms itself into something one must helplessly call posthumanism. ”This vi ...
Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is a term with five definitions:Antihumanism: a term applied to a number of thinkers opposed to the project of philosophic ...
The Blacksmith Institute, an international non-for-profit organization dedicated to eliminating life-threatening pollution in the developing world, issues an annual list of some of the world's worst p ...
The earliest precursor of pollution generated by life forms would have been a natural function of their existence. The attendant consequences on viability and population levels fell within the sphere ...
Main article: Global warmingHistorical and projected CO2 emissions by country.Source: Energy Information Administration.Carbon dioxide, while vital for photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as poll ...
Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, h ...
