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Particle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them.[54] In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators,[55] detectors,[56] and computer programs[57] necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles.[58] Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and fields are described by the Standard Model.[59] The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) that interact via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces.[59] Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons, W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively).[60] The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson.[59] In July 2012 CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson,[61] an integral part of a Higgs mechanism. Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology. |
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