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The following are the top ten metropolitan areas in the state as of the 2010 Census:[61] New York City and the Hudson Valley (19,567,410 in NY/NJ/PA, 13,038,826 in NY) Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1,135,509) Rochester (1,079,671) Albany and the Capital District (870,716) Syracuse (662,577) Utica-Rome (299,397) Binghamton (251,725) Kingston (182,493) Glens Falls (128,923) Watertown-Fort Drum (116,229) Downstate New York (New York City, Long Island, and the southern portion of the Hudson Valley) can be considered to form the central core of the Northeast megalopolis, an urbanized region stretching from New Hampshire to Virginia. The major cities of the state developed along the key transportation and trade routes of the early 19th century, including the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today, the New York Thruway acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes.[62] Demographics Historical population Census Pop. %± 1790 340,120 — 1800 589,051 73.2% 1810 959,049 62.8% 1820 1,372,812 43.1% 1830 1,918,608 39.8% 1840 2,428,921 26.6% 1850 3,097,394 27.5% 1860 3,880,735 25.3% 1870 4,382,759 12.9% 1880 5,082,871 16.0% 1890 6,003,174 18.1% 1900 7,268,894 21.1% 1910 9,113,614 25.4% 1920 10,385,227 14.0% 1930 12,588,066 21.2% 1940 13,479,142 7.1% 1950 14,830,192 10.0% 1960 16,782,304 13.2% 1970 18,236,967 8.7% 1980 17,558,072 −3.7% 1990 17,990,455 2.5% 2000 18,976,457 5.5% 2010 19,378,102 2.1% Est. 2014 19,746,227 1.9% Sources: 1910–2010 1790–1900[63] 2014 Estimate[4] Main article: Demographics of New York Population New York population distribution map The distribution of change in population growth is uneven in New York State; the New York City metropolitan area is growing considerably, along with Saratoga County, while most of Western New York is nearly stagnant. According to immigration statistics, the state is a leading recipient of migrants from around the globe. Between 2000 and 2005, immigration failed to surpass emigration, a trend that has been reversing since 2006. New York State lost two House seats in the 2011 congressional reapportionment, secondary to relatively slow growth when compared to the rest of the United States. In 2000 and 2005, more people moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another.[64] However, New York State has the second largest international immigrant population in the country among the American states, at 4.2 million as of 2008; most reside in and around New York City, due to its size, high profile, vibrant economy, and cosmopolitan culture. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New York was 19,746,227 on July 1, 2014, a 1.9% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[4] Despite the open land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban area,[65] predominantly in the New York City metropolitan area. Two-thirds of New York State's population resides in New York City Metropolitan Area. New York City is the most populous city in the United States,[66] with an estimated record high of 8,336,697 residents as of 2012,[8] incorporating more immigration into the city than emigration since the 2010 United States Census.[67] More people live in New York City than in the next two most populous U.S. cities (Los Angeles[68] and Chicago[69]) combined, which, according to the United States Census Bureau, is estimated to total 6,572,655. Long Island alone accounted for a Census-estimated 7,740,208 residents in 2013, representing 39.4% of New York State's population.[21][22][23][24] Racial and ancestral makeup The Manhattan Chinatown (紐約華埠). The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State.[70][71][72][73] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the 2010 racial makeup of New York State was as follows by self-identification:[74] White American – 65.7% Black or African American – 15.9% Asian American – 7.3% (3.0% Chinese, 1.6% Indian, 0.7% Korean, 0.5% Filipino, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Bangladeshi, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Vietnamese) Multiracial Americans – 3.0% Native American/American Indian – 0.6% Some other race - 7.5% New York Racial Breakdown of Population [hide]Racial composition 1950[75] 1970[75] 1990[75] 2000[76] 2010[77] White 93.5% 86.8% 74.4% 67.9% 65.8% Black 6.2% 11.9% 15.9% 15.9% 15.9% Asian 0.2% 0.7% 3.9% 5.5% 7.3% Native 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander – – – 0.1% 0.1% Other race – 0.4% 5.5% 7.1% 7.4% Two or more races – – – 3.1% 3.0% In 2004, the major ancestry groups in New York State by self-identification were Hispanic and Latino Americans (17.6%), African American (15.8%), Italian (14.4%), Irish (12.9%), German (11.1%) and English (6%).[78] According to a 2010 estimate, 21.7% of the population is foreign-born.[74] New York population ethnicity map The state's most populous racial group, non-Hispanic white, has declined as a proportion of the state population from 94.6% in 1940 to 58.3% in 2010.[74][79] As of 2011, 55.6% of New York's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[80] New York's robustly increasing Jewish population, the largest outside of Israel,[81] was the highest among states both by percentage and absolute number in 2012.[82] It is driven by the high reproductive rate of Orthodox Jewish families,[83] particularly in Brooklyn and communities of the Hudson Valley. New York is home to the largest African-American population and the second largest Asian-American population in the United States. New York's Black population declined between 2000 and 2010 as some people migrated to the South.[84] In addition it is home to the largest Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Jamaican American populations in the continental United States. The New York City neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major cultural capital for African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent, and Bedford-Stuyvesant in Brooklyn has the largest such population in the United States. Queens, also in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian-American population and is the most ethnically diverse county in the United States; it is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[85][86] Queens is home to the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown (紐約華埠), in Brooklyn (布鲁克林華埠), and around Flushing, Queens (法拉盛華埠), are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County (拿騷縣),[87] on Long Island (長島).[88] New York State has become the top destination for new Chinese immigrants, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into the state.[70][71][72][73][89] Long Island, including Queens and Nassau County, is also home to several Little Indias and a large Koreatown (롱 아일랜드 코리아타운), with large and growing attendant populations of Indian Americans and Korean Americans, respectively. Brooklyn has been a destination for West Indian immigrants of African descent, as well as Asian Indian immigrants. In the 2000 Census, Italian Americans in New York were the largest in any state; they made up the largest self-identified ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island, followed by Irish-Americans. Albany and the Mohawk Valley also have populations with high numbers of ethnic Irish and ethnic Italian, reflecting 19th and early 20th-century immigration. In Buffalo and western New York, German-Americans comprise the largest ancestry. In the North Country of New York, French Canadians represent the leading ethnicity, given the area's proximity to Quebec. Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of upstate New York, reflecting early colonial and later immigrants. 6.5% of New York's population were under five years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the state's population. Languages In 2010, the most common American English dialects spoken in New York, besides General American English, were the New York City area dialect (including New York Latino English and North Jersey English), Hudson Valley English (including the Western New England accent around Albany), and Inland Northern American English in Buffalo and western New York State. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York City,[90][91] making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.[92] As of 2010, 70.72% (12,788,233) of New York residents aged five and older reported speaking only English at home, while 14.44% (2,611,903) spoke Spanish, 2.61% (472,955) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.20% (216,468) Russian, 1.18% (213,785) Italian, 0.79% (142,169) French Creole, 0.75% (135,789) French, 0.67% (121,917) Yiddish, 0.63% (114,574) Korean, and Polish was spoken by 0.53% (95,413) of the population over the age of five. In total, 29.28% (5,295,016) of New York's population aged five and older reported speaking a language other than English.[2] Most common non-English languages spoken in New York Language Percentage of population (as of 2010)[2] Spanish 14.44% Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) 2.61% Russian 1.20% Italian 1.18% French Creole 0.79% French 0.75% Yiddish 0.67% Korean 0.63% Polish 0.53% Bengali 0.43% Religion Brooklyn's growing Orthodox Jewish community is the largest in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals.[93] In 2000, Catholics comprised more than 40% of the population in New York; Protestants were 30% of the population, Jews 8.4%, Muslims 3.5%, Buddhists 1%, and 13% claimed no religious affiliation (irreligious, agnostics, and atheists). In 2010, the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) reported that the largest denominations were the Catholic Church with 6,286,916; Orthodox Judaism with 588,500; Islam with 392,953; and the United Methodist Church with 328,315 adherents.[94] LGBT Roughly 3.8 percent of the state's adult population self-identifies as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. This constitutes a total LGBT adult population of 570,388 individuals.[95] In 2010, the number of same-sex couple households stood at roughly 48,932.[96] New York was the fifth state to license same-sex marriages, after New Hampshire. Michael Bloomberg, the Mayor of New York City, stated that "same-sex marriages in New York City have generated an estimated $259 million in economic impact and $16 million in City revenues" in the first year after the enactment of the Marriage Equality Act".[97] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[98] Economy Main article: Economy of New York See also: New York locations by per capita income 2001 NY Proof.png The New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies.[99] Presidential $1 Reverse.png Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the United States A dairy farm in Brunswick New York's gross state product in 2010 was $1.16 trillion, ranking third in size behind the larger states of California and Texas.[100] If New York State were an independent nation, it would rank as the 15th largest economy in the world. Its 2007 per capita personal income was $46,364, placing it sixth in the nation behind Maryland and eighth in the world behind Ireland. New York's agricultural outputs are dairy products, cattle and other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and apples. Its industrial outputs are printing and publishing, scientific instruments, electric equipment, machinery, chemical products, and tourism. Sand, gravel, asphalt, and cement production are also significant industries in the state. New York City's financial district, anchored by Wall Street in Lower Manhattan, has been called the world's leading financial center[101][102][103] and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies.[104] Wall Street, a metonym for New York City's securities industry, provided approximately $26.7 billion in bonuses, and 16 percent of revenue, or $10.3 billion, for New York State in 2013.[105][106] Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Silicon Alley, centered in New York City, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York metropolitan region's high technology and entrepreneurship ecosystem; in the first half of 2014, New York State generated nearly $1.8 billion in venture capital investment.[107] High tech industries including digital media, biotechnology, software development, game design, and other fields in information technology are growing, bolstered by New York City's position at the terminus of several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines,[108] its intellectual capital, as well as its growing outdoor wireless connectivity.[109] In December 2014, New York State announced a $50 million venture-capital fund to encourage enterprises working in biotechnology and advanced materials; according to Governor Andrew Cuomo, the seed money would facilitate entrepreneurs in bringing their research into the marketplace.[110] Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries.[111] Manhattan contained approximately 520 million square feet (48.1 million m²) of office space in 2013,[112] making it the largest office market in the United States,[113] while Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the nation.[114] Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[99] Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012,[115] while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually.[116] New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs, commodities, minerals, computers and electronics, cut diamonds, and automobile parts. In 2007, the state exported a total of $71.1 billion worth of goods, with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada (US$15 billion), United Kingdom (US$6 billion), Switzerland (US$5.9 billion), Israel (US$4.9 billion), and Hong Kong (US$3.4 billion). New York's largest imports are oil, gold, aluminum, natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber. Albany, Saratoga County, and the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and integrated microchip circuit manufacturing, while the Rochester area is important in the field of photographic processing and imaging. The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments, furs, railroad equipment and bus line vehicles; many of these industries are concentrated in Upstate regions. New York is a major agricultural producer, ranking among the top five states for agricultural products such as dairy, apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, and maple syrup. The state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced $3.4 billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain. New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state, and second-largest wine producer by volume, behind California. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. In addition, the North Fork of Long Island developed vineyards, production and visitors' facilities in the last three decades of the 20th century. In 2004, New York's wine and grape industry brought $6 billion into the state economy. The state has 30,000 acres (120 km2) of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, and flounder. Transportation Main article: Transportation in New York New York State Thruway The Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge carries I-87 over the Mohawk River. The New York City Subway serves more than 5 million rides on a given weekday. New York has one of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state and the unique issues of the city brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome perennially. Population expansion of the state has followed the path of the early waterways, first the Hudson River and Mohawk River, then the Erie Canal. In the 19th century, railroads were constructed along the river valleys, followed by the New York State Thruway in the 20th century. The New York State Department of Transportation has been criticized for lack of road maintenance in some areas, and for collection of tolls past the payback for construction. Until 2006, tolls were collected on the Thruway within The City of Buffalo. They were dropped late in 2006 during the campaign for governor (both candidates called for their removal). In addition to New York City's famous mass transit subway, four suburban commuter railroad systems enter and leave the city: the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and five of New Jersey Transit's rail lines. Many other cities have urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo, the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority runs the Buffalo Metro Rail light-rail system; in Rochester, the Rochester Subway operated from 1927 until 1956, but fell into disuse as state and federal investment went to highways. License plate introduced on April 1, 2010 for vehicles registered in New York State. Former License plate design introduced in 2001 The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles, as well as licensing drivers in the State of New York. As of 2008, the NYSDMV has 11,284,546 drivers licenses on file[117] and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in force.[118] All gasoline-powered vehicles registered in New York State are required to have an emissions inspection every 12 months, in order to ensure environmental controls are working to prevent air pollution. Diesel-powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500 lb that are registered in the NY Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS must get an annual safety inspection. Portions of the transportation system are intermodal, allowing travelers to switch easily from one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport. In May 2009, the New York City Department of Transportation under the control of Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan banned cars from Times Square, in order to improve traffic flow and reduce air pollution, and to reduce pedestrian accidents in an area of high numbers of tourists.[119] On February 11, 2010, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that the pedestrian plazas would remain permanent.[120] Government, elections, and politics Government Main article: Government of New York Andrew Cuomo (D), current Governor of New York. The Government of New York is the governmental structure of the State of New York as established by the New York State Constitution. It is composed of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The New York State Legislature is bicameral and consists of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly. The Assembly consists of 150 members; the Senate varies in its number of members, but currently has 63. The Legislature is empowered to make laws, subject to the Governor's power to veto a bill. However, the veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a two-thirds majority in favor of overriding in each House. The permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws. The Governor is the State's chief executive and is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor. Both are elected on the same ticket. Additional elected officers include the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Comptroller. There are also several state government departments. The highest court of appeal in the Unified Court System is the Court of Appeals whereas the primary felony trial courts are the Supreme Court and the county courts (outside of New York City). The Supreme Court also acts as the intermediate appellate court for many cases, and the local courts handle a variety of other matters including small claims, traffic ticket cases and local zoning matters, and are the starting point for all criminal cases. The New York City Courts make up the largest local court system. Front page of the New York State Register The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, which are all municipal corporations with their own government, as well as various corporate entities that serve single purposes that are also local governments, such as school, fire districts, and New York state public-benefit corporations, frequently known as authorities or development corporations. It also has 10 Indian reservations. Each municipal corporation is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. Elections Main articles: Elections in New York and Political party strength in New York In the last few decades, New York State has generally supported candidates belonging to the Democratic Party in national elections. Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama won New York State by 25 percentage points in 2008, a bigger margin than John Kerry in 2004. New York City is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many of the state's other urban areas, such as Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse are also Democratic. Rural upstate New York, however, is generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor Republicans. Heavily populated suburban areas downstate, such as Westchester County and Long Island, have swung between the major parties over the past 25 years, but more often than not support Democrats. New York City is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.[121] New York State Presidential Election Results Year Democratic Republican 2012 63.35% 4,485,877 35.17% 2,490,496 2008 62.88% 4,804,945 36.03% 2,752,771 2004 58.37% 4,314,280 40.08% 2,962,567 2000 60.21% 4,107,907 35.23% 2,403,374 1996 59.47% 3,756,177 30.61% 1,933,492 1992 49.73% 3,444,450 33.88% 2,346,649 1988 51.62% 3,347,882 47.52% 3,081,871 1984 45.83% 3,119,609 53.84% 3,664,763 1980 43.99% 2,728,372 46.66% 2,893,831 1976 51.95% 3,389,558 47.52% 3,100,791 1972 41.21% 2,951,084 58.54% 4,192,778 1968 49.76% 3,378,470 44.30% 3,007,932 1964 68.56% 4,913,156 31.31% 2,243,559 1960 52.53% 3,830,085 47.27% 3,446,419 Federal representation See also: Current United States congressional delegation from New York and New York's congressional districts The State of New York sends 27 members to the House of Representatives[122] in addition to its two United States Senators. As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections, the state had 29 members in the House, but the representation was reduced to 27 in 2013 due to the state's slower overall population growth relative to the overall national population growth.[123] From 2016 New York will have 29 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its peak of 47 votes from 1933 to 1953). New York is represented by Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in the United States Senate and has the nation's third equal highest number of congressional districts, equal with Florida and behind California's 53 and Texas's 36. Politics Main articles: Politics of New York and Law of New York The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington.[124] The state ranks near the bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax dollar.[125] Education Main article: Education in New York System Administration Building of the State University of New York in Albany The University of the State of New York oversees all public primary, middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while the New York City Department of Education manages the public school system in New York City. In 1894, reflecting general racial discrimination, the state passed a law that allowed communities to set up separate schools for children of African-American descent. But the Free African School had been set up in New York City in the early 19th century. In 1900, the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.[126] At the post-secondary level, the statewide public university system is the State University of New York commonly referred to as SUNY. New York City also has its own City University of New York, which is funded by the city. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges, and doctoral-granting institutions including several universities. Many were founded in the 19th century as Normal Schools for the training of teachers, when public education was expanded. The four SUNY university centers, offering a wide array of academic programs, are the University at Albany, Binghamton University, the University at Buffalo, and Stony Brook University. Notable private universities include the New York Institute of Technology, New York University, and Fordham University, the oldest Catholic institution in the Northeast. New York state is home to both Columbia University in New York City and Cornell University in Ithaca. Syracuse University is located in the city of Syracuse in Central New York. West Point, the service academy of the U.S. Army, is located just south of Newburgh, on the west bank of the Hudson River. During the 2007–2008 school year, New York spent more per pupil on public education than any other state.[127] Sports Main article: Sports in New York New York hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid. The 1980 Games are known for the USA–USSR hockey game dubbed the "Miracle on Ice" in which a group of American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team 4–3 and went on to win the gold medal against Finland. Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Innsbruck, Austria, Lake Placid is one of the three cities to have hosted the Winter Olympic Games twice. New York City bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics but lost to London. New York is the home of one National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills (based in the suburb of Orchard Park). Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New York metropolitan area and were previously located in New York City, they play in MetLife Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Meadowlands stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in which New York and New Jersey will share hosting duties. There was much controversy over several proposals for a new New York Jets football stadium. The owners of the New York Jets were willing to split the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards, but the proposal never came to fruition. New York also has two Major League Baseball teams, the New York Yankees (based in the Bronx) and the New York Mets (based in Queens). New York is home to three National Hockey League franchises: the New York Rangers in Manhattan, the New York Islanders on Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres in Buffalo. New York has two National Basketball Association teams, the New York Knicks in Manhattan, and the Brooklyn Nets in Brooklyn. There are a variety of minor league teams that can be found throughout the State of New York, such as the Long Island Ducks. New York will be the home of a Major League Soccer franchise, New York City FC, starting in 2015. Although the New York Red Bulls represent the New York metropolitan area, they play in Red Bull Arena in Harrison, New Jersey. New York State major league professional sports teams Club Sport League Buffalo Bills Football National Football League Brooklyn Nets Basketball National Basketball Association New York Knicks Basketball National Basketball Association New York City FC Soccer Major League Soccer Buffalo Sabres Ice hockey National Hockey League New York Islanders Ice Hockey National Hockey League New York Rangers Ice Hockey National Hockey League New York Mets Baseball Major League Baseball New York Yankees Baseball Major League Baseball |
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