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This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English. Dia- phoneme[1] Phones Examples IPA: English Consonants p pʰ, p pen, spin, tip b b but, web t tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ[2] two, sting, bet d d, ɾ[3] do, odd t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ, t͡ʃ chair, nature, teach d͡ʒ d͡ʒ gin, joy, edge k kʰ, k cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick ɡ ɡ go, get, beg f f fool, enough, leaf, off, photo v v voice, have, of θ θ, t̪[4] thing, teeth ð ð, d̪[5] this, breathe, father s s see, city, pass z z zoo, rose ʃ ʃ she, sure, session, emotion, leash ʒ ʒ pleasure, beige, equation, seizure x x loch (Scottish),[6] ugh [7] h h, ɦ,[8] ç[9] ham m m, ɱ[10] man, ham n n no, tin ŋ ŋ ringer, sing,[11] finger, drink l l, ɫ,[12] ɤ[13] w, o, ʊ[14] left, bell r ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ,[15] ɻ, ʋ[16] run, very w w we, queen j j yes, nyala hw ʍ, w[17] what IPA: Marginal consonants ʔ ʔ uh-oh IPA: Reduced vowels[18] ə Reduced /ʌ, æ, ɑː, ɒ/ ɪ̈ (ɪ, ə) Reduced /ɪ, iː, ɛ, eɪ, aɪ/ ʊ̈ (ʊ, ə) Reduced /ʊ, uː/ ɵ (ə) Reduced /oʊ/ ɚ (ə) Reduced /ɜr, ɑr, ɔr/ IPA: English vowels and diphthongs Dia- phoneme[1] AuE[19] Australia CaE Canada GA[20][21][22] United States InE[23] India IrE[24] Republic of Ireland NZE[22][25] New Zealand RP[26][27] United Kingdom ScE[28] Scotland SAE[29][30] South Africa SSE Singapore WaE[31] Wales Keyword Examples æ æ, æː[32] æ æ~ɛ ɑ~a~æ ɛ æ~a ɐ̟ a~æ~ɛ ɛ[33] a trap lad, bad, cat[34] ɑː or æ äː äː ɐː ɑː äː~ɑː~ ɒː~ɔː ɑ[35] bath pass, path, sample ɑː ɑ~ɒ ɑ~ä ɑː aː palm father ɒ ɔ ɒ~ä ɑ ɔ ɒ~ɔ ɔ ɒ̈~ʌ̈ ɔ ɒ lot not, wasp ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[36] ɒ̈~ʌ̈, ɔː~oː cloth off, loss, cloth, long, dog, chocolate[37] ɔː oː ɒː ɔː oː oː ɔː~oː ɒː thought law, caught, all, halt, talk ə ə ə ə ə ɘ ə ə ə comma about ɨ ɪ̈ ɪ ɨ ɨ kit spotted ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ~i, ə[38] i, ɪ ɪ sit i i ɪ~i i ɪj e, i iˑ i iː happy city iː ɪi̯ i iː iː ɘi̯ ɪj i iː fleece see eː meat eɪ æɪ̯ eɪ̯~e eː æe̯ ɛɪ̯ e eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~ æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ ʌɪ̯ e[39] eː face date ei day, pain, whey, rein ɛ e ɛ e~ɪ e~ɛ ɛ ɛ~e~ɪ ɛ, e[40] ɛ dress bed[41] ɜr ɵː(ɹ)~ ɘː(ɹ) ɝ~ɹ̩ ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ ɔɹ~ʊɹ[42] ɵː(ɹ)~ ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~ œ̈ː(ɹ) əː(ɹ)~ ɜː(ɹ) ʌɾ[42] ø̈ː(ɹ)~ ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~ əː(ɹ) ə(ɹ) ɜː(ɾ) nurse burn ɛɹ[42] ɛɾ[42] herd, earth ɪɹ[42] ɪɾ[42] bird ər ə(ɹ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ə(ɾ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ɘ(ɹ) ə(ɹ) əɾ ə(ɹ) ə(ɾ) letter winner,massacre[43] Dia- phoneme[1] AuE Australia CaE Canada GA United States InE India IrE Republic of Ireland NZE New Zealand RP United Kingdom ScE Scotland SAE South Africa SSE Singapore WaE Wales Keyword Examples ʌ ä ʌ ɜ ə~ɜ ɞ, ʊ ɐ ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ [44] ʌ ɐ~ä ɑ, ʌ ə~ɜ strut run, won, flood ʊ ʊ ʊ~ɵ̠ ʊ~ɵ̠ ʉ ʊ~ʊ̈ u ʊ foot put uː hood uː ʉː u̟ uː ʉː ɵu̯ u̟ː~ʉː~ yː uː goose through, you ɪu[45] threw, yew juː jʉː (j)u̟ juː jʉː ju̟ː~jʉː jʉ ju̟ː~jʉː~ jyː ju cute, dew, ewe aɪ ɑe̯~ɑɪ̯ äɪ̯, ʌi̯[46] äɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɐe̯ ɑɪ̯ əi̯~ae̯ äɪ̯~äː~ ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː ai̯, ɑ[47] ai̯ price my, wise, high flight, mice ɔɪ oɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ ɒɪ̯ ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯ oe̯ oɪ̯ oi̯ ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ ɔi̯ ɒi̯ choice boy, hoist oʊ əʉ̯~ɐʉ̯ oʊ̯~o oː ɑʉ̯ əʊ̯ o ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯~ œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~ œː~ʌʊ̯ o[39] oː goat no, toe, soap ou̯ tow, folk ɔʊ̯ o~oə̯~oʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ əʊ̯~ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ soul, roll, cold aʊ æɔ̯~æʊ̯ äʊ̯, ʌu̯[46] äʊ̯~æʊ̯ äʊ̯ æu̯~ɛu̯ æɔ̯ au̯ ɘʉ̯ äʊ̯~äː~ æʊ̯ au̯ mouth now, trout ɑr äː(ɹ) ɑɹ äː(ɾ) aːɹ~ äːɹ ɐː(ɹ) ɑː(ɹ) ɐ̟ɾ äː(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ)~ ɒː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) ɑ(ɹ) aː(ɾ) start arm, car ɪər ɪː(ɹ)~ ɪː.ä(ɹ) ɪɹ iɹ~ iə̯ɹ ɪə̯(ɾ)~ iː(ɾ) iːɹ iə̯(ɹ)~ ɪə̯(ɹ) ɪə̯(ɹ)~ ɪː(ɹ) iɾ ɪə̯(ɹ)~ ɪː(ɹ) jə(ɹ) ɪə̯(ɾ) near deer, here ɛər eː(ɹ)~ eː.ä(ɹ) ɛɹ ɛɹ~ eɹ ɛə̯(ɾ)~ eː(ɾ) eːɹ iə̯(ɹ)~ eə̯(ɹ) ɛə̯(ɹ)~ ɛː(ɹ)[48] eɾ ɛə̯(ɹ)~ ɛː(ɹ)~ eː(ɹ) ɛ(ɹ) ɛː(ɾ) square mare, there, bear ɔr oː(ɹ) ɔɹ ɔɹ~oɹ ɒː(ɾ) ɑɹ oː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ɔɾ ɔː(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) ɔ(ɹ) ɒː(ɾ) north sort, warm ɔər oːɹ oɾ oː(ɾ) force tore, boar, port ʊər ʉː.ə(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) ʊɹ ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ ʊə̯(ɾ)~ uː(ɾ) uːɹ, oːɹ ʊɐ̯(ɹ) ʉː.ɐ(ɹ) ɵː(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ)[49] uɾ ʊə̯(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) wə(ɹ) ʊə̯(ɾ) cure tour, moor jʊər jʉː.ə(ɹ)~ joː(ɹ) jʊɹ, jɝ jʊə̯(ɾ)~ juː(ɾ) juɹ, joːɹ jʊɐ̯(ɹ), jʉː.ɐ(ɹ) jɵː(ɹ)~ joː(ɹ) juɾ jʊə̯(ɹ), joː(ɹ) jɔ(ɹ) ɪʊə̯(ɾ) pure, Europe Dia- phoneme[1] AuE Australia CaE Canada GA United States InE India IrE Republic of Ireland NZE New Zealand RP United Kingdom ScE Scotland SAE South Africa SSE Singapore WaE Wales Keyword Examples IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation IPA Explanation ˈ Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/ ˌ Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prɵˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/ . Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/ ̩ ̍ Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations. See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries. AuE = Australian English CaE = Canadian English GA = General American InE = Indian English IrE = Irish English NZE = New Zealand English RP = Received Pronunciation (Standard in Great Britain) ScE = Scottish English SAE = South African English SSE = Standard Singapore English WaE = Welsh English |
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