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Besides being the lingua franca of South Asia in India and Pakistan, Hindustani is spoken among people of the South Asian diaspora and their descendants in North America, South America, the Caribbean, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Hindustani was also spoken widely in Burma during British rule as the main language of the administration. Many older Burmese, particularly the Anglo-Indians and Anglo-Burmese of the country, still speak the language although it has had no official status in the country since military rule. "Hindustani" as a term for other Hindi languages Outside of the subcontinent, the name Hindustani is frequently used in the sense of "Indian", and may be applied to any of several other Hindi languages. Fijian Hindustani (also called Fiji Hindi), for example, descends not from Hindustani proper, but from one of the eastern Hindi languages called Awadhi. It has a strong Bhojpuri influence that differentiates it from the Awadhi spoken on the Indian subcontinent, though not to the extent of hindering mutual understanding. It is spoken by nearly the entire Indo-Fijian community, 38.1% of Fiji's population, regardless of ancestry. Similarly, Caribbean Hindustani is actually Bhojpuri as spoken in Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Belize. Sarnami Hindustani is the third most spoken language in Suriname after Dutch and Sranan Tongo. This is due to the emigration of East Indians (known locally as Hindoestanen in Suriname) from the Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in North India. Ethnic Indians form 37% of the population in Suriname. Ethnic Indians also make up around 45% of Guyana's population, the largest ethnic group there, but unlike in Suriname they have mostly switched from Bhojpuri to English. In South Africa, Kenya and other parts of Africa, older descendants of 18th century sugar cane workers also speak a variety of Bhojpuri as their second language.[citation needed] Phonology Main article: Hindustani phonology Grammar Main article: Hindustani grammar Writing system Main articles: Hindi-Urdu orthography, Hindi Braille and Urdu Braille Historically, Hindustani was written in the Kaithi, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabets.[22] Kaithi and Devanagari are two of the Brahmic scripts native to India, while Urdu is a derivation of the Perso-Arabic script. Nasta`liq is the preferred calligraphic style for Urdu. Today, Hindustani continues to be written in the Urdu alphabet, and this is nearly exclusive in Pakistan. In India, the Hindi register is officially written in Devanagari (a relative of Kaithi), and Urdu in Perso-Arabic script, to the extent that these standards are partly defined by their script. However, in popular publications in India, Urdu is also written in Devanagari script, with slight variations to establish a Devanagari Urdu alphabet alongside the Devanagari Hindi alphabet. Devanagari अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ ə aː ɪ iː ʊ uː eː ɛː oː ɔː क क़ ख ख़ ग ग़ घ ङ k q kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɡʱ ŋ च छ ज ज़ झ झ़ ञ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ z d͡ʒʱ ʒ ɲ ट ठ ड ड़ ढ ढ़ ण ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɽ ɖʱ ɽʱ ɳ त थ द ध न t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ d̪ʱ n प फ फ़ ब भ म p pʰ f b bʱ m य र ल व j ɾ l ʋ श ष स ह ʃ ʂ s ɦ Urdu alphabet Letter Name of letter Transcription IPA ا alif – – ب be b /b/ پ pe p /p/ ت te t /t̪/ ٹ ṭe ṭ /ʈ/ ث se s /s/ ج jīm j /d͡ʒ/ چ che ch /t͡ʃ/ ح baṛī he h /h ~ ɦ/ خ khe kh /x/ د dāl d /d̪/ ڈ ḍāl ḍ /ɖ/ ذ zāl dh /z/ ر re r /r ~ ɾ/ ڑ ṛe ṛ /ɽ/ ز ze z /z/ ژ zhe zh /ʒ/ س sīn s /s/ ش shīn sh /ʃ/ ص su'ād ṣ /s/ ض zu'ād z̤ /z/ ط to'e t /t/ ظ zo'e ẓ /z/ ع ‘ain ' – غ ghain gh /ɣ/ ف fe f /f/ ق qāf q /q/ ک kāf k /k/ گ gāf g /ɡ/ ل lām l /l/ م mīm m /m/ ن nūn n /n/ و vā'o v, o, or ū /ʋ/, /oː/, /ɔ/ or /uː/ ہ, ﮩ, ﮨ choṭī he h /h ~ ɦ/ ھ do chashmī he h /ʰ/ or /ʱ/ ء hamza ' /ʔ/ ی ye y, i /j/ or /iː/ ے bari ye ai or e /ɛː/, or /eː/ Because of anglicisation in South Asia and the international use of the Latin script, Hindustani is occasionally written in the Latin script. This adaptation is called Roman Urdu or Romanised Hindi, depending upon the register used. As the Bollywood film industry is a major proponent of the Latin script, the use of Latin script to write in Hindi and Urdu is growing amongst younger Internet users.[citation needed] Since Urdu and Hindi are mutually intelligible when spoken, Romanised Hindi and Roman Urdu are as well, unlike Devanagari Hindi and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet, which use different writing systems that are not mutually intelligible. Sample text Following is a sample text, Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the two official registers of Hindustani, Hindi and Urdu. As this is a formal legal text, differences in formal vocabulary are maximized. Formal Hindi अनुच्छेद 1—सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिये। Nastaliq transcription: انچھید ١ : سبھی منشیوں کو گورو اور ادھکاروں کے وشے میں جنمجات سؤتنترتا پراپت ہیں۔ انہیں بدھی اور انتراتما کی دین پراپت ہے اور پرسپر انہیں بھائی چارے کے بھاؤ سے برتاؤ کرنا چاہئے۔ Transliteration (IAST): Anucched 1: Sabhī manushyoṇ ko gaurav aur adhikāroṇ ke vishay meṇ janm'jāt svatantratā prāpt haiṇ. Unheṇ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unheṇ bhāīchāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā chāhiye. Transcription (IPA): ənʊtʃʰːed̪ ek səbʱi mənʊʃjõ ko ɡɔɾəʋ ɔr əd̪ʱɪkaɾõ ke vishaj mẽ dʒənmdʒat̪ sʋət̪ənt̪ɾət̪a pɾapt̪ hɛ̃ ʊnʱẽ bʊd̪ʱːɪ ɔɾ ənt̪əɾat̪ma kiː d̪en pɾapt̪ hɛ ɔɾ pəɾəspəɾ ʊnʱẽ bʱaitʃaɾe keː bʱaʋ se bəɾt̪aʋ kəɾna tʃahɪe Gloss (word-to-word): Article 1—All human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom acquired is. Them to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do should. Translation (grammatical): Article 1—All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Formal Urdu Nastaliq transcription: :دفعہ 1: تمام انسان آزاد اور حقوق و عزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پیدا ہوۓ ہیں۔ انہیں ضمیر اور عقل ودیعت ہوئی ہیں۔ اسلۓ انہیں ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سلوک کرنا چاہیۓ۔ Devanagari transcription: दफ़ा 1: तमाम इनसान आज़ाद और हुक़ूक़ ओ इज़्ज़त के ऐतबार से बराबर पैदा हुए हैं। इन्हें ज़मीर और अक़्ल वदीयत हुई हैं। इसलिए इन्हें एक दूसरे के साथ भाई चारे का सुलूक करना चाहीए। Transliteration (ALA-LC): Dafʻah 1: Tamām insān āzād aur ḥuqūq o ʻizzat ke iʻtibār se barābar paidā hu’e haiṇ. Unheṇ zamīr aur ʻaql wadīʻat hu’ī he. Isli’e unheṇ ek dūsre ke sāth bhā’ī chāre kā sulūk karnā chāhi’e. Transcription (IPA): d̪əfa ek t̪əmam ɪnsan azad̪ ɔɾ hʊquq o izːət̪ ke ɛt̪əbaɾ se bəɾabəɾ pɛd̪a hʊe hɛ̃ ʊnʱẽ zəmiɾ ɔɾ əql ʋədiət̪ hʊi hɛ̃ ɪslɪe ʊnʱẽ ek d̪usɾe ke sat̪ʰ bʱai tʃaɾe ka sʊluk kəɾna tʃahɪe Gloss (word-to-word): Article 1: All humans free[,] and rights and dignity's consideration from equal born are. To them conscience and intellect endowed is. Therefore, they one another's with brotherhood's treatment do must. Translation (grammatical): Article 1—All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Hindustani and Bollywood The predominant Indian film industry Bollywood, located in Mumbai, Maharashtra uses dialects of Hindustani, Awadhi, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, Punjabi and Bambaiya Hindi, along with liberal use of English for the dialogue and soundtrack lyrics. Movie titles are often screened in three scripts: Latin, Devanagari and occasionally Perso-Arabic. The use of Urdu or Hindi in films depends on the film's context: historical films set in the Delhi Sultanate or Mughal Empire are almost entirely in Urdu, while films based on Hindu mythology make heavy use of Hindi with Sanskrit vocabulary. Urdu films and Lollywood The Pakistani film industry, centred historically in Lahore, has seen a rise in Punjabi movies lately. Urdu languages have seen a surge throughout Pakistan specifically Karachi, with new age films, and to a lesser extent in Islamabad and Lahore. |
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