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Environmental health officer See Environmental health officer. Acoustical engineer See Acoustical engineering. Environmental scientist See Environmental scientist. Noise control engineer See Noise control. Environmental vibration As an area of work or study, environmental noise is often extended to include human perception and response to vibration caused by environmental sources, typically due to exposure to ground vibrations or building vibration (see whole body vibration, vibration control and vibration isolation). Environmental noise emission Noise from transportation is typically emitted by the machinery (e.g. the engine or exhaust) and aerodynamic noise (see aerodynamics and aircraft noise) caused by the compression and friction in the air around the vessel during motion. Industrial and recreational noise could be generated by a multitude of different sources and processes. Sound propagation outdoors is subject to meteorological effects (e.g. wind, temperature) that affect the distance, speed, and direction with which environmental noise travels from a source to a listener. Environmental noise policy and regulation European Union This section gives an overview of environmental noise policy practice in the European Union. The definition of environmental noise above is also a special definition in the European directive 2002/49/EC article 10.1. This directive should give a common approach intended to avoid, prevent or reduce the harmful effects of environmental noise. The main target is an integrated noise management. In the first step the competent authorities in the European member states had to produce strategic noise maps for major roads, railways, airports and agglomerations. The second step is to inform and consult the public. The third step is producing local action plans to reduce noise. The implementation is divided into two phases: The first important date was 30 June 2005 until "member states shall inform the Commission of the major roads which have more than six million vehicle passages a year, major railways which have more than 60,000 train passages per year, major airports and the agglomerations with more than 250,000 inhabitants within their territories". Major airports are defined as airports with more than 50,000 movements per year. The second phase starts with lower, partly the halve numbers so that major roads are defined as roads with more than three million vehicles, major railways with more than 30,000 trains and agglomerations with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The member states had to send informations about these datas to the Commission until 30 June 2010. The criteria for airports remained unchanged. Austria In Austria the institution which is responsible for the noise sources is also responsible for the noise maps concerning these sources. This means that the Federation is responsible for the federal roads and each state is responsible for the country's roads. France France reported 24 agglomeration areas, Paris was the biggest with 9.6 million inhabitants and 272 square kilometers. Germany In Germany recreational activities are not considered to be part of environmental noise. Germany has implemented national regulations in 2005 and 2006 and reported 27 agglomeration areas in the first phase: Berlin was the biggest with 3.39 million inhabitants and 889 square kilometers, Hamburg the largest with 1,045 square kilometers and 2 million inhabitants. The smallest was Gelsenkirchen with 270,000 inhabitants and 105 square kilometers. In the national legislation is recreational activities like sports and leisure noise are not considered as environmental noise. United Kingdom The United Kingdom reported a total of 28 metropolitan areas, where London is the largest with 8.3 million inhabitants. The majority of metropolitan areas are located in England; in Scotland and Wales there are each two, in Northern Ireland only the capital Belfast. Environmental noise is the summary of noise pollution from outside, caused by transport, industrial and recreational activities.[1] Noise is frequently described as 'unwanted sound', and, within this context, environmental noise is generally present in some form in all areas of human activity. The effects in humans of exposure to environmental noise may vary from emotional to physiological and psychological.[2] Noise at low levels is not necessarily harmful; environmental noise can also convey a sense of liveliness in an area, and is not then always considered 'unwanted'. However, the adverse effects of noise exposure (i.e. noise pollution) could include: interference with speech or other 'desired' sounds, annoyance, sleep disturbance, anxiety, hearing damage and stress-related cardiovascular health problems.[3] As a result, environmental noise is studied, regulated and monitored by many governments and institutions, as well as forming the basis or branch for a number of different occupations. |
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