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At dawn on the morning of 7 April, Pedro, his wife and others, including his daughter Maria II and his sister Ana de Jesus, were taken on board the British warship HMS Warspite. The vessel remained at anchor off Rio de Janeiro, and, on 13 April, the former emperor transferred to and departed for Europe aboard HMS Volage.[204][205] He arrived in Cherbourg-Octeville, France, on 10 June.[206][207] During the next few months, he shuttled between France and Great Britain. He was warmly welcomed by, but received no actual support from, either government.[208] Finding himself in an awkward situation because he held no official status in either the Brazilian Imperial House or in the Portuguese Royal House, Pedro assumed the title of Duke of Braganza on 15 June, a position that once had been his as heir to Portugal's crown. Although the title should have belonged to Maria II's heir, which he certainly was not, his claim was met with general recognition.[209][210] On 1 December, his only daughter by Amélie, Maria Amélia, was born in Paris.[211] He did not forget his children left in Brazil under the guardianship of José Bonifácio. He wrote poignant letters to each of them, conveying how greatly he missed them and repeatedly asking them to seriously attend to their educations. Shortly before his abdication, Pedro had told his son and successor: "I intend that my brother Miguel and I will be the last badly educated of the Braganza family".[212][213] Charles Napier, a naval commander who fought under Pedro's banner in the 1830s, remarked that "his good qualities were his own; his bad owing to want of education; and no man was more sensible of that defect than himself."[214][215] His letters to Pedro II were often couched in language beyond the boy's reading level, and historians have assumed such passages were chiefly intended as advice that the young monarch might eventually consult upon reaching adulthood.[206] A notable passage in a missive to Pedro II gives a powerful insight into the Duke of Braganza's political philosophy: "The era in which princes were respected solely because they are simply princes has ended; in the century in which we live, in which the peoples are quite well informed of their rights, it is necessary that princes should be and also should know that they are men and not divinities, that for them knowledge and good sense are indispensable so that they are the more quickly loved than respected." He concluded: "The respect of a free people for their ruler ought to be born of the conviction which they hold that their ruler is capable of making them achieve that level of felicity they aspire to; and if such is not the case, unhappy ruler, unhappy people."[216] While in Paris, the Duke of Braganza met and befriended Gilbert du Motier, Marquis of Lafayette, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War who became one of his staunchest supporters.[210][217] Pedro bade farewell to his family, Lafayette and around two hundred well-wishers on 25 January 1832. He knelt before Maria II and said: "My lady, here is a Portuguese general who will uphold your rights and restore your crown." In tears, his daughter embraced him.[218] Pedro sailed to the Atlantic archipelago of the Azores, the only Portuguese territory that had remained loyal to his daughter. After a few months of final preparations he embarked for mainland Portugal, entering the city of Porto unopposed on 9 July.[219] He came at the head of a small army composed of Portuguese liberals, such as Almeida Garrett and Alexandre Herculano, as well as foreign mercenaries and volunteers such as Lafayette's grandson, Adrien Jules de Lasteyrie.[220] Death See also: First Carlist War A lithograph depicting a curtained bed on which lies a bearded man with closed eyes and a crucifix lying on his chest Pedro on his deathbed, 1834 Severely outnumbered, Pedro's army of liberals was besieged in Porto for more than a year. There, in early 1833, he received news from José Bonifácio in Brazil of his daughter Paula's impending death. Pedro made two requests to his children's guardian: "the first is to keep for me a bit of her beautiful hair; the second is to place her in the convent of Nossa Senhora da Ajuda [Our Lady of Good Aid] and in the same spot where her good mother, my Leopoldina for whom even today I still shed tears of longing, is located ... I ask you as a father, as a pitiful desolate father, to do me a favor and go in person to deposit next to the body of her mother this fruit of her womb and on this occasion pray for one and other."[221] Months later, in September, he met with Antônio Carlos de Andrada, a brother of Bonifácio who had come from Brazil. As a representative of the Restorationist Party, Antônio Carlos asked the Duke of Braganza to return to Brazil and rule his former empire as regent during his son's minority. Pedro realized that the Restorationists wanted to use him as a tool to facilitate their own rise to power, and frustrated Antônio Carlos by making almost impossible demands, to ascertain whether the Brazilian people, and not merely a faction, truly wanted him back. He insisted that any request to return as regent be constitutionally valid. The people's will would have to be conveyed through their local representatives and his appointment approved by the General Assembly. Only then, and "upon the presentation of a petition to him in Portugal by an official delegation of the Brazilian parliament" would he consider accepting.[222][223] During the war, the Duke of Braganza mounted cannons, dug trenches, tended the wounded, ate among the rank and file and fought under heavy fire as men next to him were shot or blown to pieces.[224] His cause was nearly lost until he took the risky step of dividing his forces and sending a portion to launch an amphibious attack on southern Portugal. The Algarve region fell to the expedition, which then marched north straight for Lisbon, which capitulated on 24 July.[225] Pedro proceeded to subdue the remainder of the country, but just when the conflict looked to be winding down to a conclusion, his Spanish uncle Don Carlos, who was attempting to seize the crown of his niece Doña Isabel II, intervened. In this wider conflict that engulfed the entire Iberian Peninsula, the First Carlist War, the Duke of Braganza allied with liberal Spanish armies loyal to Isabel II and defeated both Miguel I and Carlos. A peace accord was reached on 26 May 1834.[226][227] Except for bouts of epilepsy that manifested in seizures every few years, Pedro had always enjoyed robust health.[36][228] The war, however, undermined his constitution and by 1834 he was dying of tuberculosis.[229] He was confined to his bed in Queluz Royal Palace from 10 September.[230][231] Pedro dictated an open letter to the Brazilians, in which he begged that a gradual abolition of slavery be adopted. He warned them: "Slavery is an evil, and an attack against the rights and dignity of the human species, but its consequences are less harmful to those who suffer in captivity than to the Nation whose laws allow slavery. It is a cancer that devours its morality."[232] After a long and painful illness, Pedro died at 14:30 on 24 September 1834.[233] As he had requested, his heart was placed in Porto's Lapa Church[234] and his body was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza.[234][235] The news of his death arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 20 November, but his children were informed only after 2 December.[236] Bonifácio, who had been removed from his position as their guardian, wrote to Pedro II and his sisters: "Dom Pedro did not die. Only ordinary men die, not heroes."[237][238] Legacy Photograph of a white stone steps leading up to a large, altar-like monument in white marble with bronze sculptural decorations that include bronze braziers at the corners, a bronze frieze in high relief at the base and bronze figures surrounding a chariot on a high, white marble plinth in the center Monument to the Independence of Brazil where Pedro I and his two wives are buried Photograph of a bronze statue with a man on horseback wearing a bicorn hat and military dress and who holds forth a scrolled sheaf of paper Equestrian statue of Pedro IV in Liberdade Square, Porto Upon the death of Pedro I, the then-powerful Restorationist Party vanished overnight.[239] A fair assessment of the former monarch became possible once the threat of his return to power was removed. Evaristo da Veiga, one of his worst critics as well as a leader in the Liberal Party, left a statement which, according to historian Otávio Tarquínio de Sousa, became the prevailing view thereafter:[235] "the former emperor of Brazil was not a prince of ordinary measure ... and Providence has made him a powerful instrument of liberation, both in Brazil and in Portugal. If we [Brazilians] exist as a body in a free Nation, if our land was not ripped apart into small enemy republics, where only anarchy and military spirit predominated, we owe much to the resolution he took in remaining among us, in making the first shout for our Independence." He continued: "Portugal, if it was freed from the darkest and demeaning tyranny ... if it enjoys the benefits brought by representative government to learned peoples, it owes it to D[om]. Pedro de Alcântara, whose fatigues, sufferings and sacrifices for the Portuguese cause has earned him in high degree the tribute of national gratitude."[240][241] John Armitage, who lived in Brazil during the latter half of Pedro I's reign, remarked that "even the errors of the Monarch have been attended with great benefit through their influence on the affairs of the mother country. Had he governed with more wisdom it would have been well for the land of his adoption, yet, perhaps, unfortunate for humanity." Armitage added that like "the late Emperor of the French, he was also a child of destiny, or rather, an instrument in the hands of an all-seeing and beneficent Providence for the furtherance of great and inscrutable ends. In the old as in the new world he was henceforth fated to become the instrument of further revolutions, and ere the close of his brilliant but ephemeral career in the land of his fathers, to atone amply for the errors and follies of his former life, by his chivalrous and heroic devotion in the cause of civil and religious freedom."[242] In 1972, on the 150th anniversary of Brazilian independence, Pedro I's remains (though not his heart) were brought to Brazil—as he had requested in his will—accompanied by much fanfare and with honors due to a head of state. His remains were reinterred in the Monument to the Independence of Brazil, along with those of Maria Leopoldina and Amélie, in the city of São Paulo.[234][243] Years later, Neill Macaulay said that "[c]riticism of Dom Pedro was freely expressed and often vehement; it prompted him to abdicate two thrones. His tolerance of public criticism and his willingness to relinquish power set Dom Pedro apart from his absolutist predecessors and from the rulers of today's coercive states, whose lifetime tenure is as secure as that of the kings of old." Macaulay affirmed that "[s]uccessful liberal leaders like Dom Pedro may be honored with an occasional stone or bronze monument, but their portraits, four stories high, do not shape public buildings; their pictures are not borne in parades of hundreds of thousands of uniformed marchers; no '-isms' attach to their names."[244] Titles and honors See also: List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown Titles and styles Styles of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere over the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown Reference style His Imperial Majesty Spoken style Your Imperial Majesty Alternative style Sire Royal styles of Pedro IV, King of Portugal Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Portugal (Enciclopedie Diderot).svg Reference style His Most Faithful Majesty Spoken style Your Most Faithful Majesty Alternative style Sire 12 October 1798 – 11 June 1801: His Highness The Most Serene Infante Dom Pedro, Grand Prior of Crato[122] 11 June 1801 – 20 March 1816: His Royal Highness The Prince of Beira[122] 20 March 1816 – 9 January 1817: His Royal Highness The Prince of Brazil[122] 9 January 1817 – 10 March 1826: His Royal Highness The Prince Royal[122] 12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor[122] 10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826: His Most Faithful Majesty The King[122] 15 June 1831 – 24 September 1834: His Imperial Majesty The Duke of Braganza[209] As Brazilian emperor his full style and title were: "His Imperial Majesty Dom Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil".[245] As Portuguese king his full style and title were: "His Most Faithful Majesty Dom Pedro IV, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc."[246] Nobility As heir to the Portuguese crown:[247] Duke of Braganza[6] Duke of Barcelos[6] Duke of Guimarães[6] Marquis of Vila Viçosa[6] Count of Ourém[6] Count of Barcelos[6] Count of Faria and Neiva[6] Count of Arraiolos[6] Count of Guimarães[6] Honors Cursive signed Imperador followed by a script P and 5 dots arranged as a cross Pedro I's signature in official documents Cursive monogram or cipher P with flourishes His signed initials in official documents Emperor Pedro I was Grand Master of the following Brazilian Orders:[248] Order of Christ Order of Aviz Order of Saint James of the Sword Order of the Southern Cross Order of Pedro I Order of the Rose As King Pedro IV, he was Grand Master of the following Portuguese Orders:[6] Order of Christ Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz Order of Saint James of the Sword Order of the Tower and Sword Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa After having abdicated the Portuguese crown: Grand Cross of the Portuguese Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valor, Loyalty and Merit on 20 September 1834[122] He was a recipient of the following foreign honors:[249] Knight of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece Grand Cross of the Spanish Order of Charles III Grand Cross of the Spanish Order of Isabella the Catholic Grand Cross of the French Order of Saint Louis Knight of the French Order of the Holy Spirit Knight of the French Order of Saint Michael Grand Cross of the Austro-Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen Genealogy Ancestry The ancestry of Emperor Pedro I:[250] [show]Ancestors of Pedro I of Brazil Issue Name Portrait Lifespan Notes By Maria Leopoldina of Austria (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826; married by proxy on 13 May 1817) Maria II of Portugal Painting showing the head and shoulders of a young woman wearing a lacey blue dress with auburn hair pulled back 4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 Queen of Portugal from 1826 until 1853. Maria II's first husband, Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, died a few months after the marriage. Her second husband was Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became King Dom Fernando II after the birth of their first child. She had eleven children from this marriage. Maria II was heir to her brother Pedro II as Princess Imperial until her exclusion from the Brazilian line of succession by law no. 91 of 30 October 1835.[251] Miguel, Prince of Beira 26 April 1820 Prince of Beira from birth to his death. João Carlos, Prince of Beira 6 March 1821 – 4 February 1822 Prince of Beira from birth to his death. Princess Januária of Brazil Sepia photograph showing the head and shoulders of a middle-aged woman wearing a dark dress with thin white collar 11 March 1822 – 13 March 1901 Married Prince Luigi, Count of Aquila, son of Don Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies. She had four children from this marriage. Officially recognized as an Infanta of Portugal on 4 June 1822,[252] she was later considered excluded from the Portuguese line of succession after Brazil became independent.[253] Princess Paula of Brazil 17 February 1823 – 16 January 1833 She died age 9, probably of meningitis.[254] Born in Brazil after its independence, Paula was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.[255] Princess Francisca of Brazil Faded sepia photograph showing the head and shoulders of a lady wearing a veil over her hair 2 August 1824 – 27 March 1898 Married Prince François, Prince of Joinville, son of Louis Philippe I, King of the French. She had three children from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Francisca was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.[256] Pedro II of Brazil Sepia photograph showing the head and shoulders of a bearded, light-haired man wearing a formal black coat, white shirt and dark cravat 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891 Emperor of Brazil from 1831 until 1889. He was married to Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, daughter of Don Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies. He had four children from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Pedro II was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession and did not become King Dom Pedro V of Portugal upon his father's abdication.[238] By Amélie of Leuchtenberg (31 July 1812 – 26 January 1873; married by proxy on 2 August 1829) Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil Painted head and shoulders portrait of a young woman wearing an ermine stole thrown over one shoulder, a double strand of large pearls around her neck, pearl drop earrings, and a pink camellia arranged in the hair over her right ear 1 December 1831 – 4 February 1853 She lived her entire life in Europe and never visited Brazil. Maria Amélia was betrothed to Archduke Maximilian, later Emperor Don Maximiliano I of Mexico, but died before her marriage. Born years after her father abdicated the Portuguese crown, Maria Amélia was never in the line of succession to the Portuguese throne.[257] By Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos (27 December 1797 – 3 November 1867) Isabel Maria de Alcântara, Duchess of Goiás Black and white copy of a painted portrait showing the head and shoulders of a woman with dark, curled hair, large eyes and wearing a circlet of flowers and veil on her head 23 May 1824 – 3 November 1898 She was the only child of Pedro I born out of wedlock who was officially legitimized by him.[258] On 24 May 1826, Isabel Maria was given the title of "Duchess of Goiás", the style of Highness and the right to use the honorific "Dona" (Lady).[258] She was the first person to hold the rank of duke in the Empire of Brazil.[259] These honors did not confer on her the status of Brazilian princess or place her in the line of succession. In his will, Pedro I gave her a share of his estate.[260] She later lost her Brazilian title and honors upon her 17 April 1843 marriage to a foreigner, Ernst Fischler von Treuberg, Count of Treuberg.[261][262] Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro 7 December 1825 – 27 December 1825 Pedro I seems to have considered giving him the title of "Duke of São Paulo", which was never realized due to the child's early death.[263] Maria Isabel de Alcântara Brasileira 13 August 1827 – 25 October 1828 Pedro I considered giving her the title of "Duchess of Ceará", the style of Highness and the right to use the honorific "Dona" (Lady).[264] This was never put into effect due to her early death. Nonetheless, it is quite common to see many sources calling her "Duchess of Ceará", even though "there is no record of the registry of her title in official books, which is also not mentioned in papers related to her funeral".[264] Maria Isabel de Alcântara, Countess of Iguaçu Black and white photograph showing the head and shoulders of a woman with dark hair wearing a dress with a large, white collar 28 February 1830 – 13 September 1896 Countess of Iguaçu through marriage in 1848 to Pedro Caldeira Brant, son of Felisberto Caldeira Brant, Marquis of Barbacena.[263] She was never given any titles by her father due to his marriage to Amélie. However, Pedro I acknowledged her as his daughter in his will, but gave her no share of his estate, except for a request that his widow aid in her education and upbringing.[260] By Maria Benedita, Baroness of Sorocaba (18 December 1792 – 5 March 1857) Rodrigo Delfim Pereira Faded sepia photograph showing the head and shoulders of a man with dark, wavy hair, mustache and wearing a dark coat, white shirt with wingtip collar and dark cravat 4 November 1823 – 31 January 1891 In his will, Pedro I acknowledged him as his son and gave him a share of his estate.[260] Rodrigo Delfim Pereira became a Brazilian diplomat and lived most of his life in Europe.[265] By Henriette Josephine Clemence Saisset Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro born 28 August 1829 In his will, Pedro I acknowledged him as his son and gave him a share of his estate.[260] Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro had a son, a French navy officer, among other descendants.[266] |
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