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In alphabetical order: A'cheng (now a district of the city of Harbin), was the capital during the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) from 1115 until 1153, called Shangjing Huining Fu. Destroyed in 1157 and re-established as a secondary capital of the empire in 1173. Anyang was the capital during the Yin period of the Shang Dynasty (estimated between 1600 BC and 1046 BC): called Yin (殷, pinyin: Yīn). Beijing (formerly Romanized as Peking, from Chinese Postal Map Romanization (CPMR); briefly known as Peip'ing in Wade-Giles (WG) or Běipíng in pinyin (py)), the Northern Capital, was and has been the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): State of Yan (Yen in WG) in Spring and Autumn Period (722-481 BC): called Ji (薊, pinyin: Jì). Liao Dynasty (907-1125), as a secondary capital: called Yanjing (燕京, pinyin: Yānjīng, "capital of Yan"). Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) from Emperor Shizong until 1215: called Zhongdu (中都, pinyin: Zhōngdū, "central capital"). Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): called Dadu (大都, pinyin: Dàdū, "great capital") in Chinese, Daidu (a direct transliteration from Chinese[1]) in Mongolian and Khanbaliq ("city of the Khan") in the Turkic languages. This was reported as "Cambuluc" by Marco Polo. Ming Dynasty from the time of the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402/1424) until 1644 called Jīngshī (京師,"capital"). Qing Dynasty from the fall of the Ming in 1644 to the end of the dynasty in 1912. The Beiyang Government of the Republic of China. The current capital of the People's Republic of China. Chengdu (WG: Ch'eng-tu) was the capital of the Shu Kingdom during the period of the Three Kingdoms. It was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China. Chongqing (CPMR: Chungking) was the provisional capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during World War II (Second Chinese-Japanese War), and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China. Datong (WG: Ta-t'ong) was the capital during Northern Wei Dynasty before moving to Luoyang in 493. Guangzhou (formerly Romanized Canton from CPMR) Kingdom of Nanyue (206-111BC) Republic of China: it was seat of the National Government before the Northern Expedition, and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China. Hangzhou (also Hangchou or Hangchow) was the capital of: The Wuyue Kingdom (904-978), during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. China during the Southern Song Dynasty: called Lin'an (臨安 Lín'ān). Fenghao was the capital during the Western Zhou Dynasty, located near present day Xi'an. Kaifeng was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): Later Liang during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Later Jin during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Later Han during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Later Zhou during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Northern Song Dynasty: called Dongjing (東京 Dōngjīng). Luoyang was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): Eastern Zhou Dynasty Eastern Han Dynasty from 25 to 220 Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms. Western Jin Dynasty Northern Wei Dynasty since 493, moved its capital from Datong. Zhou Dynasty from 690 to 705 Later Tang during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Later Liang during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, from 909 to 913. Nanjing (formerly Romanized Nanking (CPMR) or Nanching in WG), the Southern Capital was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): all of the Six Dynasties: called Jianye (建業 Jiànyè) or Jiankang (建康 Jiànkāng). The Six Dynasties are: Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Eastern Jin Dynasty Liu Song Dynasty Southern Qi Dynasty Liang Dynasty Chen Dynasty Southern Tang during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Ming Dynasty before Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing. Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace and Prosperity) during the Taiping Rebellion. Known as Tianjing (天京，literally 'Heavenly Capital') between 1853 and its fall in 1864. Republic of China after the Northern Expedition until the Japanese invasion in 1937 of WWII, and after the war until Chiang Kai-Shek retreated to Taiwan in 1949. Wang Jingwei's pro-Japanese collaborationist government. Taipei has been the de facto capital of the Republic of China since 1949 when the government relocated to Taiwan. Wuhan was the capital of a leftist Kuomintang government led by Wang Jingwei in opposition to Chiang Kaishek during the 1920s. Xanadu (Shangdu) (上都) was the summer capital of Kublai Khan's empire. Xi'an (WG: Hsi'an; called Chang'an in ancient times) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically): Western Zhou Dynasty, also see Fenghao. State of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Qin Dynasty 221 BC-207 BC: Xi'an is located near the former Qin capital Xianyang (咸陽 Xiányáng). Western Han Dynasty from 206 BC to AD 9 Xin Dynasty from 8 to 23 Eastern Han Dynasty Western Jin Dynasty State of Former Zhao, a state in the Sixteen Kingdoms period during the Jin Dynasty (265-420). State of Former Qin from 351 to 394, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. State of Later Qin from 384 to 417, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Western Wei Dynasty Northern Zhou Dynasty Sui Dynasty from 581 to 618 Tang Dynasty from 618 to 907 Ye was the capital of Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty. Chronology Government Capital Chinese Period Notes Xia Song 崇 Gun Yangcheng 陽城 Yu[2] Chu 鉏 Yi Qiongshi 窮石 Yi, Hanzhuo Zhen 斟 Taikang Diqiu 帝丘 Xiang Yuan 原 Zhu Laoqiu 老丘 Zhu Xihe 西河 Yinjia Zhen 斟 Jie Henan 河南 Jie[3] Shang Bo 亳 Shang Tang[3] Fan 蕃 Xie Dishi 砥石 Zhaoming Shang 商 Zhaoming Shangqiu 商邱 Xiangtu Foot of Mount Tai "泰山麓" Xiangtu Shangqiu 商邱 Xiangtu Yin 殷 Shanghou Shangqiu 商邱 Yinhou Bo "西"亳 Tang Xiao 囂 Zhongding Xiang 相 Hedanjia Xing 邢 Zuyi Bi 庇 Zuyi Yan 奄 Nan'geng Yin 殷 Pan'geng Zhou Western Zongzhou 宗周 1046 BC—771 BC Western capital Chengzhou 成周 1046 BC—771 BC Eastern capital Eastern Chengzhou 成周 770 BC—367 BC "Henan" 河南 367 BC—256 BC capital of the Western Zhou State Gong 鞏 367 BC—249 BC capital of the Eastern Zhou State Qin Xiquanqiu 西犬丘 Pingyang 平陽 —677 BC Yong 雍 677 BC— Jingyang 涇陽 —383 BC Yueyang 櫟陽 383 BC—250 BC Xianyang 咸陽 350 BC—207 BC Han Western Luoyang 雒陽 202 BC Yueyang 櫟陽 202 BC—200 BC Chang'an 長安 200 BC—8 BC Xin Chang'an 長安 8 CE—23 CE Han Eastern Luoyang 雒陽 25—190 Chang'an 長安 191—195 Xu 許 196—220 Three Kingdoms Wei Luoyang 洛陽 220—265 Shu Chengdu 成都 221—263 Wu Jianye 建業 227—279 Jin Western Luoyang 洛陽 265—313 Chang'an 長安 313—316 Eastern Jiankang 建康 317—420 Northern dynasties Wei Pingcheng 平城 386—493 Luoyang 洛陽 493—534 Ye 鄴 534—550 capital of the Eastern Wei State Chang'an 長安 535—557 capital of the Western Wei State Qi Ye 鄴 550—577 Zhou Chang'an 長安 557—581 Southern dynasties Song Jiankang 建康 420—479 Qi Jiankang 建康 479—502 Liang Jiankang 建康 502—557 Chen Jiankang 建康 557—589 Sui Dongdu 東都 581—618 Daxing 大興 581—618 auxiliary capital Tang Chang'an 長安 618—690 Luoyang 洛陽 657—690 auxiliary capital Zhou Luoyang 洛陽 690—705 Tang Chang'an 長安 705—904 Luoyang 洛陽 705—736 auxiliary capital Luoyang 洛陽 904—907 Five dynasties Liang Dongdu 東都 907—923 Tang Dongdu 東都 923—936 Jin Dongjing 東京 936—947 Han Dongjing 東京 947—950 Zhou Dongjing 東京 951—960 Song Northern Dongjing 東京 960—1127 Southern Nanjing 南京 1127—1129 After the fall of Dongjing, Zhao Gou declares himself Emperor Gaozong in Henan Yangzhou 杨州 1129—1130 Flight of Emperor Gaozong during the Jin invasion of the Yangtze Delta in 1129—1130. Zhenjiang 镇江 Lin'an 臨安 Yuezhou 越州 Mingzhou 明州 Dinghai 定海 Off the coast Taizhou, Wenzhou "海上朝廷" Zhang'an 章安 Yuezhou 越州 Lin'an 臨安 1130—1276 Song court settles in Lin'an for 146 years Fuzhou 福州 1276—1277 Flight of Emperor Duanzong along the southeast coast following the fall of Lin'an in 1276. Guangzhou 广州 1277—1278 Guanfuchang 官富场 1278 Gangzhou 碙州 Emperor Bingzong succeeds Duanzong on Lantau Island in modern Hong Kong Yashan 厓山 1278—1279 Song court makes last stand off the coast of Yashan Liao, Empire of the Khitan Shangjing 上京 907—1120 Nanjing 南京 1122—1123 Tokmok 虎思斡耳朵 1134—1218 Jin Shangjing 上京 1115—1153 Zhongdu 中都 1153—1214 Nanjing 南京 1214—1234 Western Xia Xingqing 1038—1227 Yuan Shangdu 上都 May 1264 — 1267 Dadu 大都 1267[4] — August 1368 Shangdu 上都 August 1368 — 1369 Ming Nanjing 南京 23 January 1368 — 2 February 1421 Beijing 北京 2 February 1421 — 25 April 1644 Nanjing 南京 1644 — 1645 Fuzhou 福州 1645 — 1646 Zhaoqing 肇慶 1646 — 25 April 1662 Later Jin Feiala 費阿拉 1587 — 1603 Hetuala 赫圖阿拉 1603 — 1619 Jiefan 界凡 1619 — September 1620 Sarhu 薩爾滸 September 1620 — April 1621 Dongjing 東京 April 1621 — 11 April 1625 Shengjing 盛京 11 April 1625 — 1636 Qing Shengjing 盛京 1636 — 30 October 1644 Peking 北京 30 October 1644[5] — 12 February 1912[6] Republic of China Nanking 南京 1 January 1912 — 2 April 1912 Provisional Government Beijing 北京 2 April 1912 — 30 May 1928 Beiyang Government[6] Shenyang 奉天 30 May 1928 — 29 December 1928 Beiyang Government Guangzhou 广州 1 July 1925 — 21 February 1927 Guangzhou Nationalist Government Wuhan 武漢 21 February 1927 — 19 August 1927 Wuhan Nationalist Government[7] Nanking 南京 18 April 1927 — 20 November 1937 the Nanjing decade[6] Luoyang 洛陽 29 Jan 1932 — 1 December 1932 Beijing 北平 9 September 1930 — 23 September 1930 Beiping Nationalist Government Taiyuan 太原 23 September 1930 — 4 November 1930 Beiping Nationalist Government Guangzhou 廣州 28 May 1931 — 22 December 1931 Guangzhou Nationalist Government Chongqing 重慶 21 November 1937 — 5 May 1946 during the Second Sino-Japanese War[6] Nanking 南京 30 March 1940 — 10 August 1945 Wang Jingwei Government Nanking 南京 5 May 1946 — 23 April 1949[6] Guangzhou 廣州 23 April 1949 — 14 October 1949 during the Chinese Civil War Chongqing 重慶 14 October 1949 — 30 November 1949 during the Chinese Civil War Chengdu 成都 30 November 1949 — 27 December 1949 during the Chinese Civil War Sichang 西昌 27 December 1949 — 27 March 1950 during the Chinese Civil War Taipei 臺北 10 December 1949 — Present People's Republic of China Beijing 北京 1 October 1949 — Present The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China (simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都; traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都; pinyin: Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔdū) traditionally refers to Beijing (the current capital of the People's Republic), Nanjing, Luoyang, and Chang'an (Xi'an). Due to additional evidence discovered since the 1930s, other historical capitals have been included in the list. The later phrase Seven Ancient Capitals of China includes Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital), Hangzhou (the sixth, added in the 1930s), and Anyang (a proposal by numerous archaeologists in 1988, after which it finally became the seventh ancient capital). In 2004, the China Ancient Capital Society officially added Zhengzhou as an eighth due to archaeological finds from the early Shang Dynasty there. |
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