OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an international economic organisation of 34 countries founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC),[1] led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan (which was rejected by the Soviet Union and its satellite states[2]). This would be achieved by allocating American financial aid and implementing economic programs for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II, where similar efforts in the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 of the United States of America, which stipulated the Marshall Plan that had also taken places elsewhere in the world to war-torn Republic of China and post-war Korea,[3] but the American recovery program in Europe was the most successful one.[4][vague]

In 1961, the OEEC was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and membership was extended to non-European states. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.
History Organisation for European Economic Co-operation The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.[5] It started its operations on 16 April 1948. Since 1949, it was headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France. After the Marshall Plan ended, the OEEC focused on economic issues.[6]

In the 1950s, the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the European Economic Community of the six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC.

By the end of the 1950s, with the job of rebuilding Europe effectively done, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose, but could be adapted to fulfill a more global mission. It would be a hard-fought task, and after several sometimes fractious meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris starting in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would deal not only with European and Atlantic economic issues, but devise policies to assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members. It would also set to work straight away on bringing in Japan.[7]

Foundation of the OECD Following the 1957 Rome Treaties to launch the European Economic Community, the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was drawn up to reform the OEEC. The Convention was signed in December 1960 and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961. It consisted of the European founder countries of the OEEC plus the United States and Canada, with Japan joining three years later. The official founding members are:

Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
 West Germany
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
 Luxembourg
The Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Spain
 Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
 

During the next 12 years Japan, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation starting with the establishment of the OECD until its dissolution as a nation.[8]

The OECD created agencies such as the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

Unlike the organizations of the United Nations system, OECD uses the spelling "organisation" with an "s" in its name rather than "organization" (see -ise/-ize).

Enlargement to Central Europe In 1989, after the Revolutions of 1989, the OECD started to assist countries in Central Europe (especially the Visegrád Group) to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the Programme "Partners in Transition" was launched for the benefit of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.[8][9] This programme also included a membership option for these countries.[9] As a result of this, Poland,[10] Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, as well as Mexico and South Korea[11] became members of the OECD between 1994 and 2000.

Reform and further enlargement 
  OECD members
  Started or promised accession talks
  Expressed interest in joiningIn the 1990s, a number of European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but, according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.[12] In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become full members of the OECD.[13] Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.[14] In 2005, Malta applied to join the organization.[15] The EU is lobbying for admission of all EU member states.[16] Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the organisation through the letter addressed by the Romanian Prime-Minister Victor-Viorel Ponta to the OECD Secretary-General, Angel Gurria.[17] In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it will apply for full membership before the OECD Secretariat.[18]

In 2003, the OECD established a working group headed by Japan's Ambassador to the OECD Seiichiro Noboru to work out a strategy for the enlargement and co-operation with non-members. The working group proposed that the selection of candidate countries to be based on four criteria: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations". The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 and 14 May 2004. Based on these recommendations work, the meeting adopted an agreement on operationalisation of the proposed guidelines and on the drafting of a list of countries suitable as potential candidates for membership.[8] As a result of this work, on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia and Slovenia and to strengthen co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement.[19] Chile, Slovenia, Israel and Estonia all became members in 2010.[20][21]

In 2011, President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia expressed the country's willingness to join the organization during a speech at the OECD headquarters.[22]

In 2013, the OECD decided to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia. It also announced its intention to open talks with Costa Rica and Lithuania in 2015.[23]

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Peru[24] and Malaysia.[25]

Objectives and activities 
Propaganda poster created by the Economic Cooperation Administration to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe.Aim The OECD defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a setting to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies.[26] Its mandate covers economic, environmental, and social issues. It acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement "soft law"—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties. In this work, the OECD cooperates with businesses, with trade unions and with other representatives of civil society. Collaboration at the OECD regarding taxation, for example, has fostered the growth of a global web of bilateral tax treaties.

The OECD promotes policies designed:

to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy;
to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic development; and
to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.
International investments and multinational enterprises Between 1995 and 1998, the OECD designed the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, which was abandoned because of a widespread criticism from civil society groups and developing countries. In 1976, the OECD adopted the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, which was rewritten and annexed by the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in 2000.

Among other areas, the OECD has taken a role in co-ordinating international action on corruption and bribery, creating the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which came into effect in February 1999. It has been ratified by thirty-eight countries.[27]

The OECD has also constituted an anti-spam task force, which submitted a detailed report, with several background papers on spam problems in developing countries, best practices for ISPs, e-mail marketers, etc., appended. It works on the information economy[28] and the future of the Internet economy.[29]

PISA Further information: Programme for International Student Assessment
The OECD publishes the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which is an assessment that allows educational performances to be examined on a common measure across countries.

Taxation See also: FATF Blacklist
The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for bilateral negotiations regarding tax coordination and cooperation. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective as between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be very unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings).

Since 1998, the OECD has led a charge against harmful tax practices, principally targeting the activities of tax havens (while principally accepting the policies of its member countries, which would tend to encourage tax competition). These efforts have been met with mixed reaction: The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.[30] The OECD maintains a 'blacklist' of countries it considers uncooperative in the drive for transparency of tax affairs and the effective exchange of information, officially called "The List of Uncooperative Tax Havens".[31] In May 2009, all remaining countries were removed from the list.[32]

On 22 October 2008, at an OECD meeting in Paris, 17 countries led by France and Germany decided to draw up a new blacklist of tax havens. The OECD has been asked to investigate around 40 new tax havens in the world where undeclared revenue is hidden and that host many of the non-regulated hedge funds that have come under fire during the 2008 financial crisis. Germany, France, and other countries called on the OECD to specifically add Switzerland to a blacklist of countries that encourage tax fraud.[33]

Publishing The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary.

The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment: www.oecd.org/libraryandarchives.

Books The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. The publications are updated accordingly to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship[vague] titles include:

The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries.
The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
The OECD Factbook, published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables and graphs. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via Statlinks.
The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration.
All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.[n 1]

Magazine OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine[n 2] launched in 1962.[34] The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook,[n 3] launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation.[35] The online and mobile[36] editions are updated regularly. News, analysis, reviews, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges. Contains listing of the latest OECD books, plus ordering information.[37] A OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013.[38]

Statistics The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on a wide number of subjects.

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).
Working papers There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

Reference works The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).

It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, which shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face today—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.

Structure The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:

The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organization.
The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their variety of subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Ángel Gurría), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organized into Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.
Meetings Delegates from the member countries attend committees' and other meetings. Former Deputy-Secretary General Pierre Vinde estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.[39] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations.[citation needed] In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

Noteworthy meetings include:

The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. This takes the form of conferences and discussions and is open to public participation.
Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (i.e. all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.
Secretariat Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation, and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:

Centre for Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Local Development
Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
Development Co-operation Directorate
Directorate for Education
Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry
Economics Department
Environment Directorate
Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate
Statistics Directorate
Trade and Agriculture Directorate
General Secretariat
Executive Directorate
Public Affairs and Communication Directorate
The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget, currently[when?] around US$510 million (€342.9 million). The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula related to the size of each member's gross national product.[40] The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with 9% and the U.K. and France with 7%. The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a two-yearly basis.

As an international organisation the terms of employment of the OECD Secretariat staff are not governed by the laws of the country in which their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard the organisation's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. Hiring and firing practices, working hours and environment, holiday time, pension plans, health insurance and life insurance, salaries, expatriation benefits and general conditions of employment are managed according to rules and regulations associated with the OECD. In order to maintain working conditions that are similar to similarly structured organisations, the OECD participates as an independent organisation in the system of co-ordinated European organisations, whose other members include NATO, the European Union and the European Patent Organisation.

Secretaries-General See source.

1948–1955   Robert Marjolin
1955–1960   René Sergent
1960–1969   Thorkil Kristensen
1969–1984   Emiel van Lennep
1984–1994   Jean-Claude Paye
1994   Staffan Sohlman (interim)
1994–1996   Jean-Claude Paye
1996–2006   Donald Johnston
2006–present   José Ángel Gurría
Committees Representatives of the 34 OECD member countries and a number of observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.[41]

Special bodies Africa Partnership Forum
Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)
Development Assistance Committee
OECD Development Centre
Institutional Management in Higher Education (IMHE)
International Transport Forum (ITF) (formally known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport)
International Energy Agency
Nuclear Energy Agency
Partnership for Democratic Governance (PDG)
Sahel and West Africa Club
Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC)
Member countries Current members There are currently 34 members of the OECD. The list includes 21 of the 28 European Union member states, all except Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Romania.

Country Application Negotiations Invitation Membership[42] Geographic location Notes
 Australia    01971-06-07-00007 June 1971 Oceania 
 Austria    01961-09-29-000029 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Belgium    01961-09-13-000013 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Canada    01961-04-10-000010 April 1961 North America 
 Chile 02003-11-01-0000November 2003[44][45] 02007-05-16-000016 May 2007[46] 02009-12-15-000015 December 2009[47] 02010-05-07-00007 May 2010 South America 
 Czech Republic 01994-01-01-0000January 1994[48] 01994-06-08-00008 June 1994[49] 01995-11-24-000024 November 1995[48] 01995-12-21-000021 December 1995 Europe 
 Denmark    01961-05-30-000030 May 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Estonia  02007-05-16-000016 May 2007[46] 02010-05-10-000010 May 2010[50] 02010-12-09-00009 December 2010 Europe 
 Finland    01969-01-28-000028 January 1969 Europe 
 France    01961-08-07-00007 August 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Germany    01961-09-27-000027 September 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany).[51] Previously represented by the Trizone.[43] The OECD was expanded to include the former East Germany, after German unification in October, 1990.
 Greece    01961-09-27-000027 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Hungary 01993-12-01-0000December 1993[52] 01994-06-08-00008 June 1994[49]  01996-05-07-00007 May 1996 Europe 
 Iceland    01961-06-05-00005 June 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Ireland    01961-08-17-000017 August 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Israel 02004-03-15-000015 March 2004[53] 02007-05-16-000016 May 2007[46] 02010-05-10-000010 May 2010[50] 02010-09-07-00007 September 2010 Middle East (Asia)  
 Italy    01962-03-29-000029 March 1962 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Japan 01962-11-01-0000November 1962[54]  01963-07-01-0000July 1963[54] 01964-04-28-000028 April 1964 Asia 
 South Korea 01995-03-29-000029 March 1995[55]  01996-10-25-000025 October 1996[56] 01996-12-12-000012 December 1996 Asia 
 Luxembourg    01961-12-07-00007 December 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Mexico   01994-04-14-000014 April 1994[57] 01994-05-18-000018 May 1994 North America 
 Netherlands    01961-11-13-000013 November 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 New Zealand    01973-05-29-000029 May 1973 Oceania 
 Norway    01961-07-04-00004 July 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Poland 01994-02-01-00001 February 1994[58] 01994-06-08-00008 June 1994[49] 01996-07-11-000011 July 1996[59] 01996-11-22-000022 November 1996 Europe 
 Portugal    01961-08-04-00004 August 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Slovakia 01994-02-01-0000February 1994[60] 01994-06-08-00008 June 1994[49] 02000-07-01-0000July 2000[60] 02000-12-14-000014 December 2000 Europe 
 Slovenia 01996-03-01-0000March 1996[61] 02007-05-16-000016 May 2007[46] 02010-05-10-000010 May 2010[50] 02010-07-21-000021 July 2010 Europe 
 Spain    01961-08-03-00003 August 1961 Europe Joined OEEC in 1958.[62]
 Sweden    01961-09-28-000028 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
  Switzerland    01961-09-28-000028 September 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 Turkey    01961-08-02-00002 August 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 United Kingdom    01961-05-02-00002 May 1961 Europe OEEC member.[43]
 United States    01961-04-12-000012 April 1961 North America 

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.[63]

Former members  Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) (member of the OEEC until 1954, where it ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity).[43]
Currently in accession talks  Colombia: In May 2013, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Colombia.[64] On October 25, 2013, The OECD officially launched Colombia's accession process.[65]
 Latvia: In May 2013, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Latvia.[64]
 Russia: In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.[19] In March 2014, The OECD halted membership talks due to the crisis in Crimea, Ukraine.[66][67]
Likely to open accession talks in 2015  Costa Rica: In May 2013, the OECD declared its intention to open accession negotiations with Costa Rica in 2015.[64]
 Lithuania: In May 2013, the OECD declared its intention to open accession negotiations with Lithuania in 2015.[64]
Relations with non-members 
  OECD members
  Accession candidate countries
  Enhanced engagement countriesCurrently, 25 non-members participate as regular observers or full participants in OECD Committees. About 50 non-members are engaged in OECD working parties, schemes or programmes. The OECD conducts a policy dialogue and capacity building activities with non-members (Country Programmes, Regional Approaches and Global Forums) to share their views on best policy practices and to bear on OECD's policy debate. The OECD's Global Relations Secretariat develops and oversees the strategic orientations of the relations with non-members.

On 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to strengthen OECD's co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa, through a process of enhanced engagement.[19] The countries listed are key partners to the OECD. The countries contribute to the OECD's work in a sustained and comprehensive manner by direct and active participation in substantive bodies of the Organisation determined by mutual interest.[68]

The OECD explores the possibilities for enhanced co-operation with selected countries and regions of strategic interest to the OECD, giving priority to South East Asia with a view to identifying countries for possible membership.

Criticism See also: OECD controversy
The OECD has been criticised by several civil society groups and developing countries. The main criticism has been the narrowness of the OECD because of its limited membership to a select few rich nations.[69] In 1997–1998, the draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment was heavily criticized by several non-governmental organisations and developing countries. Many critics argued that the agreement would threaten protection of human rights, labor and environmental standards, and the least developed countries. A particular concern was that the MAI would result in a 'race to the bottom' among countries willing to lower their labor and environmental standards to attract foreign investment. Also the OECD's actions against competitive tax practices has raised criticism. The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.[30]

Indicators The following table shows various data for OECD member states, including area, population, economic output and income inequality, as well as various composite indices, including human development, viability of the state, perception of corruption, economic freedom, state of peace, freedom of the press and democratic level.

Country Area[70]
(km²)
2011 Population[70]
2012 GDP (PPP)[70]
(Intl. $)
2012 GDP (PPP)
per capita[70]
(Intl. $)
2012 Income
inequality[70]
1993-2011
(latest available) HDI[71]
2012 FSI[72]
2013 CPI[73]
2012 IEF[74]
2013 GPI[75]
2013 WPFI[76]
2013 DI[77]
2012
 Australia 7,741,220 22,683,600 1,008,547,333,117 44,462 35.19 0.938 25.4 85 82.6 1.438 15.24 9.22
 Austria 83,879 8,462,446 366,628,708,981 43,324 29.15 0.895 26.9 69 71.8 1.250 9.40 8.62
 Belgium 30,530 11,142,157 433,256,794,743 38,884 32.97 0.897 30.9 75 69.2 1.339 12.94 8.05
 Canada 9,984,670 34,880,491 1,489,164,789,852 42,693 32.56 0.911 26.0 84 79.4 1.306 12.69 9.08
 Chile 756,096 17,464,814 395,671,160,768 22,655 52.06 0.819 42.3 72 79.0 1.589 26.24 7.54
 Czech Republic 78,870 10,514,810 277,864,930,670 26,426 25.82 0.873 39.9 49 70.9 1.404 10.17 8.19
 Denmark 43,090 5,590,478 231,378,526,595 41,388 24.70 0.901 21.9 90 76.1 1.207 7.08 9.52
 Estonia 45,230 1,339,396 30,838,807,349 23,024 36.00 0.846 45.3 64 75.3 1.710 9.26 7.61
 Finland 338,420 5,414,293 206,990,117,656 38,230 26.88 0.892 18.0 90 74.0 1.297 6.38 9.06
 France 549,190 65,696,689 2,354,874,045,720 35,845 32.74 0.893 32.6 71 64.1 1.863 21.60 7.88
 Germany 357,127 81,889,839 3,307,873,188,922 40,394 28.31 0.920 29.7 79 72.8 1.431 10.24 8.34
 Greece 131,960 11,280,167 278,242,720,026 24,667 34.27 0.860 50.6 36 55.4 1.957 28.46 7.65
 Hungary 93,030 9,943,755 214,491,173,390 21,570 31.18 0.831 47.6 55 67.3 1.520 26.09 6.96
 Iceland 103,000 320,137 12,015,781,080 37,533 N/A 0.906 24.7 82 72.1 1.162 8.49 9.65
 Ireland 70,280 4,588,798 195,766,164,414 42,662 34.28 0.916 24.8 69 75.7 1.370 10.06 8.56
 Israel 22,070 7,907,900 223,730,442,038a 28,809a 39.20 0.900 N/Ab 60 66.9 2.730 32.97 7.53
 Italy 301,340 60,917,978 1,980,574,405,914 32,512 36.03 0.881 44.6 42 60.6 1.663 26.11 7.74
 Japan 377,955 127,561,489 4,490,680,824,327 35,204 24.85 0.912 36.1 74 71.8 1.293 25.17 8.08
 South Korea 99,900 50,004,000 1,536,211,650,273 30,722 31.59 0.909 35.4 56 70.3 1.822 24.48 8.13
 Luxembourg 2,590 531,441 46,935,952,899 88,318 30.76 0.875 23.3 80 74.2 N/A 6.68 8.88
 Mexico 1,964,380 120,847,477 2,015,280,915,679 16,676 47.16 0.775 73.1 34 67.0 2.434 45.30 6.90
 Netherlands 41,540 16,767,705 719,966,970,878 42,938 30.90 0.921 26.9 84 73.5 1.508 6.48 8.99
 New Zealand 267,710 4,433,100 139,640,025,455 31,499 36.17 0.919 22.7 90 81.4 1.237 8.38 9.26
 Norway 323,790 5,018,869 315,019,149,687 62,767 25.79 0.955 21.5 85 70.5 1.359 6.52 9.93
 Poland 312,680 38,542,737 844,212,753,335 21,903 32.73 0.821 40.9 58 66.0 1.530 13.11 7.12
 Portugal 92,090 10,526,703 266,383,266,137 25,305 38.45 0.816 32.6 63 63.1 1.467 16.75 7.92
 Slovakia 49,036 5,410,267 134,692,148,545 24,896 26.00 0.840 45.3 46 68.7 1.622 13.25 7.35
 Slovenia 20,270 2,058,152 55,160,462,097 26,801 31.15 0.892 32.3 61 61.7 1.374 20.49 7.88
 Spain 505,600 46,217,961 1,484,950,148,914 32,129 34.66 0.885 44.4 65 68.0 1.563 20.50 8.02
 Sweden 450,300 9,516,617 401,761,610,893 42,217 25.00 0.916 19.7 88 72.9 1.319 9.23 9.73
  Switzerland 41,280 7,997,152 416,356,036,754 52,063 33.68 0.913 21.5 86 81.0 1.272 9.94 9.09
 Turkey 783,560 73,997,128 1,306,155,176,480 17,651 40.03 0.722 75.9 49 62.9 2.437 46.56 5.76
 United Kingdom 243,610 63,227,526 2,264,750,615,639 35,819 35.97 0.875 33.2 74 74.8 1.787 16.89 8.21
 United States 9,831,510 313,914,040 15,684,800,000,000 49,965 40.81 0.937 33.5 73 76.0 2.126 18.22 8.11
zzzOECDc 36,137,803 1,256,610,112 45,130,866,799,229 35,915 33.24 0.881 34.8 69 71.1 1.587 17.10 8.25
Country Area
(km²)
2011 Population
2012 GDP (PPP)
(Intl. $)
2012 GDP (PPP)
per capita
(Intl. $)
2012 Income
inequality
1993-2011
(latest available) HDI
2012 FSI
2013 CPI
2012 IEF
2013 GPI
2013 WPFI
2013 DI
2012