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Birmingham (i/ˈbɜrmɪŋəm/, locally /ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm/) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with 1,085,400 residents (2012 est.),[3] and its population increase of 88,400 residents between the 2001 and 2011 censuses was greater than that of any other British local authority.[4] The city lies within the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom with 2,440,986 residents (2011 census),[5] and its metropolitan area is the United Kingdom's second most populous with 3,701,107 residents (2012 est.).[1] A medium-sized market town during the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide advances in science, technology and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society.[6] By 1791 it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world".[7] Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century.[8] Its resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of broad-based political radicalism, that under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London, and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.[9] Today Birmingham's economy is dominated by the service sector.[10] The city is a major international commercial centre, ranked as a beta− world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network;[11] and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub. Its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $114.3bn (2012 est., PPP),[1] and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education and academic research in the country outside London.[12] Birmingham's major cultural institutions – including the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Library of Birmingham and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts – enjoy international reputations,[13] and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots art, music, literary and culinary scenes.[14] People from Birmingham are called 'Brummies', a term derived from the city's nickname of 'Brum'. This originates from the city's dialect name, Brummagem,[15] which may in turn have been derived from one of the city's earlier names, 'Bromwicham'.[16] There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect. History Main articles: History of Birmingham, Economic history of Birmingham, Science and invention in Birmingham, and Timeline of Birmingham history Pre-history and medieval Birmingham's early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay between these, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the densely wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden.[17] There is evidence of hominid activity in the Birmingham area dating back 500,000 years,[18] with stone age artefacts suggesting seasonal settlements, overnight hunting parties and woodland activities such as tree felling.[19] The many burnt mounds that can still be seen around the city indicate that modern humans first intensively settled and cultivated the area during the bronze age, when a substantial but short-lived influx of population occurred between 1700 BC and 1000 BC, possibly caused by conflict or immigration in the surrounding area.[20] Further evidence of subsequent iron age settlement can be found at Berry Mound, a hill fort located in the Bromsgrove district of Worcestershire, near Shirley.[21] During the 1st-century Roman conquest of Britain, the forested country of the Birmingham Plateau formed a barrier to the advancing Roman legions,[22] who built the large Metchley Fort in the area of modern-day Edgbaston in AD 48,[23] and made it the focus of a network of Roman roads.[24] The charters of 1166 and 1189 that led to the establishment of Birmingham as a market townBirmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era. The city's name comes from the Old English Beormingahām, meaning the home or settlement of the Beormingas – indicating that Birmingham was established in the 6th or early 7th century as the primary settlement of an Anglian tribal grouping of that name.[25] Despite this early importance, by the time of the Domesday Book of 1086 the manor of Birmingham was one of the poorest and least populated in Warwickshire, valued at only 20 shillings,[26] with the area of the modern city divided between the counties of Warwickshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire.[27] The development of Birmingham into a significant urban and commercial centre began in 1166, when the Lord of the Manor Peter de Bermingham obtained a charter to hold a market at his castle and followed this with the deliberate creation of a planned market town and seigneurial borough within his demesne or manorial estate, around the site that became the Bull Ring.[28] This established Birmingham as the primary commercial centre for the Birmingham Plateau at a time when the area's economy was expanding rapidly, with population growth nationally leading to the clearance, cultivation and settlement of previously marginal land.[29] Within a century of the charter, Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. Within another fifty years it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire.[30] Early modern Birmingham in 1732.The de Birmingham family continued to be Lords of Birmingham until the 1530s when Edward de Birmingham was cheated out of its lordship by John Dudley.[31] As early as the 16th century, Birmingham's access to supplies of iron ore and coal meant that metalworking industries became established.[32] By the time of the English Civil War in the 17th century, Birmingham had become an important manufacturing town with a reputation for producing small arms. Arms manufacture in Birmingham became a staple trade and was concentrated in the area known as the Gun Quarter. During the 18th century, Birmingham was home to the Lunar Society, an important gathering of local thinkers and industrialists.[33][34] Industrial Revolution Matthew BoultonBirmingham's explosive industrial expansion started earlier than that of the textile-manufacturing towns of the North of England,[35] and was driven by different factors. Instead of the economies of scale of a low-paid, unskilled workforce producing bulk commodities such as cotton in increasingly large, mechanised units of production, Birmingham's industrial development was built on the adaptability and creativity of a highly paid workforce, practising a broad range of skilled specialist trades with a strong division of labour, in a highly entrepreneurial economy of small, often self-owned workshops.[36] Levels of inventiveness were exceptional: between 1760 and 1850 – the core years of the Industrial Revolution – Birmingham residents registered over three times as many patents as those of any other British town or city.[37] The Soho Manufactory, opened in 1765 – pioneer of the factory system and birthplace of the industrial steam engine.Innovation in 18th-century Birmingham often took the form of incremental series of small-scale improvements to existing products or processes,[38] but also included major developments that lay at the heart of the emergence of industrial society.[6] In 1709 the Birmingham-trained Abraham Darby I moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire and built the first blast furnace to successfully smelt iron ore with coke, transforming the quality, volume and scale on which it was possible to produce cast iron.[39] In 1732 Lewis Paul and John Wyatt invented roller spinning, the "one novel idea of the first importance" in the development of the mechanised cotton industry.[40] In 1741 they opened the world's first cotton mill in Birmingham's Upper Priory.[41] In 1746 John Roebuck invented the lead chamber process, enabling the large-scale manufacture of sulphuric acid,[42] and in 1780 James Keir developed a process for the bulk manufacture of alkali[43] – together these marked the birth of the modern chemical industry.[44] In 1765 Matthew Boulton opened the Soho Manufactory, pioneering the combination and mechanisation under one roof of previously separate manufacturing activities through a system known as "rational manufacture".[45] As the largest manufacturing unit in Europe this come to symbolise the emergence of the factory system.[46] Most significant, however, was the development in 1776 of the industrial steam engine by James Watt and Matthew Boulton.[47] Freeing for the first time the manufacturing capacity of human society from the limited availability of hand, water and animal power, this was arguably the pivotal moment of the entire industrial revolution and a key factor in the worldwide increases in productivity that would follow over the following century.[48] Two of Britain's largest banks were founded in Birmingham during this period – Lloyds Bank (now Lloyds Banking Group) in 1765[49] and the Midland Bank (which has since been acquired by HSBC Bank) in 1836[50] – as well as Ketley's Building Society, the world's first building society, in 1775.[51] Birmingham Reform Act map from 1831Regency and Victorian Birmingham rose to national political prominence in the campaign for political reform in the early nineteenth century, with Thomas Attwood and the Birmingham Political Union bringing the country to the brink of civil war during the Days of May that preceded the passing of the Great Reform Act in 1832.[52] The Union's meetings on Newhall Hill in 1831 and 1832 were the largest political assemblies Britain had ever seen.[53] Lord Durham, who drafted the act, wrote that "the country owed Reform to Birmingham, and its salvation from revolution".[54] This reputation for having "shaken the fabric of privilege to its base" in 1832 led John Bright to make Birmingham the platform for his successful campaign for the Second Reform Act of 1867, which extended voting rights to the urban working class.[55] Thomas Attwood addressing a 200,000-strong meeting of the Birmingham Political Union during the Days of May, 1832Birmingham's tradition of innovation continued into the 19th century. Birmingham was the terminus for both of the world's first two long-distance railway lines: the 82 mile Grand Junction Railway of 1837 and the 112 mile London and Birmingham Railway of 1838.[56] Birmingham schoolteacher Rowland Hill invented the postage stamp and created the first modern universal postal system in 1839.[57] Alexander Parkes invented the first man-made plastic in the Jewellery Quarter in 1855.[58] By the 1820s, an extensive canal system had been constructed, giving greater access to natural resources and fuel for industries. During the Victorian era, the population of Birmingham grew rapidly to well over half a million[59] and Birmingham became the second largest population centre in England. Birmingham was granted city status in 1889 by Queen Victoria.[60] Joseph Chamberlain, who was once mayor of Birmingham and later became an MP and his son Neville Chamberlain, who was Lord Mayor of Birmingham and later the British Prime Minister, are two of the most well-known political figures who have lived in Birmingham. The city established its own university in 1900.[61] 20th century and contemporary Destruction of the Bull Ring during the Birmingham Blitz, 1940Birmingham suffered heavy bomb damage during World War II's "Birmingham Blitz". The city was also the scene of two scientific discoveries that were to prove critical to the outcome of the war.[62] Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls first described how a practical nuclear weapon could be constructed in the Frisch–Peierls memorandum of 1940,[63] the same year that the cavity magnetron, the key component of radar and later of microwave ovens, was invented by John Randall and Henry Boot.[64] Details of these two discoveries, together with an outline of the first jet engine invented by Frank Whittle in nearby Rugby, were taken to the United States by the Tizard Mission in September 1940, in a single black box later described by an official American historian as "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores".[65] The city was extensively redeveloped during the 1950s and 1960s.[66] This included the construction of large tower block estates, such as Castle Vale. The Bull Ring was reconstructed and New Street station was redeveloped. In the decades following World War II, the ethnic makeup of Birmingham changed significantly, as it received waves of immigration from the Commonwealth of Nations and beyond.[67] The city's population peaked in 1951 at 1,113,000 residents.[59] World leaders meet in Birmingham for the 1998 G8 SummitBirmingham remained by far Britain's most prosperous provincial city as late as the 1970s,[68] with household incomes exceeding even those of London and the South East,[69] but its economic diversity and capacity for regeneration declined in the decades that followed World War II as Central Government sought to restrict the city's growth and disperse industry and population to the stagnating areas of Scotland, Wales and Northern England.[70] These measures hindered "the natural self-regeneration of businesses in Birmingham, leaving it top-heavy with the old and infirm",[71] and the city became increasingly dependent on the motor industry. The recession of the early 1980s saw Birmingham's economy collapse, with unprecedented levels of unemployment and outbreaks of social unrest in inner-city districts.[72] In recent years, many parts of Birmingham has been transformed, with the redevelopment of the Bullring Shopping Centre[73] and regeneration of old industrial areas such as Brindleyplace, The Mailbox and the International Convention Centre. Old streets, buildings and canals have been restored, the pedestrian subways have been removed and the Inner Ring Road has been rationalised. In 1998 Birmingham hosted the 24th G8 summit. Major projects currently under construction include the building of a new Library of Birmingham, the redevelopment of New Street station and the extension of the Midland Metro into the city centre. These are steps in the ambitious plans of Birmingham City Council for the redevelopment of Birmingham, which has become known as the Big City Plan.[74] Government Main article: Government of Birmingham The Council House, headquarters of Birmingham City CouncilBirmingham City Council is the largest local authority in Europe[75] with 120 councillors representing 40 wards.[76] Its headquarters are at the Council House in Victoria Square. The council currently has a Labour Party majority and is led by Sir Albert Bore, replacing the previous Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition at the May 2012 elections. The honour and dignity of a Lord Mayoralty was conferred on Birmingham by Letters Patent on 3 June 1896. Birmingham's ten parliamentary constituencies are represented in the House of Commons by one Conservative, one Liberal Democrat and eight Labour MPs.[77] In the European Parliament the city forms part of the West Midlands European Parliament constituency, which elects six Members of the European Parliament.[78] Birmingham was originally part of Warwickshire, but expanded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, absorbing parts of Worcestershire to the south and Staffordshire to the north and west. The city absorbed Sutton Coldfield in 1974 and became a metropolitan borough in the new West Midlands county. Up until 1986, the West Midlands County Council was based in Birmingham City Centre. Since 2011, Birmingham has formed part of the Greater Birmingham & Solihull Local Enterprise Partnership along with neighbouring authorities Bromsgrove, Cannock Chase, East Staffordshire, Lichfield, Redditch, Solihull, Tamworth, Wyre Forest. Geography Further information: Constituent areas of Birmingham, England Birmingham and the wider West Midlands Built-up Area seen from the International Space Station at night from the south westBirmingham is located in the centre of the West Midlands region of England on the Birmingham Plateau – an area of relatively high ground, ranging around 500 to 1,000 feet (150–300 m) above sea level and crossed by Britain's main north-south watershed between the basins of the Rivers Severn and Trent. To the south west of the city lie the Lickey Hills,[79] Clent Hills and Walton Hill, which reach 1,033 feet (315 m) and have extensive views over the city. Other than its canals, Birmingham is only served by minor rivers and brooks, such as the River Cole, and the River Rea. The City of Birmingham forms a conurbation with the largely residential borough of Solihull to the south east, and with the city of Wolverhampton and the industrial towns of the Black Country to the north west, which form the West Midlands Built-up Area covering 59,972 ha (600 km2; 232 sq mi). Surrounding this is Birmingham's metropolitan area – the area to which it is closely economically tied through commuting – which includes the former Mercian capital of Tamworth and the cathedral city of Lichfield in Staffordshire to the north; the industrial city of Coventry and the Warwickshire towns of Nuneaton, Warwick and Leamington Spa to the east; and the Worcestershire towns of Redditch and Bromsgrove to the south west.[80] Much of the area now occupied by the city was originally a northern reach of the ancient Forest of Arden, whose former presence can still be felt in the city's dense oak tree-cover and in the large number of districts such as Moseley, Saltley, Yardley, Stirchley and Hockley with names ending in "-ley": the Old English -lēah meaning "woodland clearing".[81] View across the city from the Lickey Hills, with Longbridge in the foreground.Geology Geologically, Birmingham is dominated by the Birmingham Fault which runs diagonally through the city from the Lickey Hills in the south west, passing through Edgbaston and the Bull Ring to Erdington and Sutton Coldfield in the north east.[82] To the south and east of the fault the ground is largely softer Mercia Mudstone Group (formerly known as Keuper Marl), interspersed with beds of Bunter pebbles and crossed by the valleys of the Rivers Tame, Rea and Cole along with their tributaries.[83] Much of this would have been laid down during the Permian and Triassic periods.[82] To the north and west of the fault, varying from 150 to 600 feet (45–180 m) higher than the surrounding area and underlying much of the city centre, lies a long ridge of harder Keuper Sandstone.[84][85] Climate Birmingham has a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with average maximum temperatures in summer (July) being around 21.5 °C (70.7 °F); and in winter (January) around 6.5 °C (43.7 °F).[86] Between 1971 and 2000 the warmest day of the year on average was 28.8 °C (83.8 °F)[87] and the coldest night typically fell to −9.0 °C (15.8 °F).[88] Some 11.2 days each year rose to a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above[89] and 51.6 nights reported an air frost.[90] The highest recorded temperature, set during August 1990, was 34.9 °C (94.8 °F).[91] Like most other large cities, Birmingham has a considerable urban heat island effect.[92] During the coldest night recorded, 14 January 1982, the temperature fell to −20.8 °C (−5.4 °F) at Birmingham Airport on the city's eastern edge, but just −12.9 °C (8.8 °F) at Edgbaston, near the city centre.[93] Birmingham is a snowy city relative to other large UK conurbations, due to its inland location and comparatively high elevation.[93] Between 1961 and 1990 Birmingham Airport averaged 13.0 days of snow lying annually,[94] compared to 5.33 at London Heathrow.[95] Snow showers often pass through the city via the Cheshire gap on north westerly airstreams, but can also come off the North Sea from north easterly airstreams.[93] Extreme weather is rare but the city has been known to experience tornados – the most recent being in July 2005 in the south of the city, damaging homes and businesses in the area.[96] [hide]Climate data for Birmingham Elmdon, 99m asl, 1971–2000, extremes 1901– (sunshine 1961–1990) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 15.0 (59) 18.1 (64.6) 23.7 (74.7) 26.0 (78.8) 30.0 (86) 31.6 (88.9) 32.9 (91.2) 34.9 (94.8) 29.8 (85.6) 26.8 (80.2) 18.7 (65.7) 15.7 (60.3) 34.9 (94.8) Average high °C (°F) 6.6 (43.9) 7.0 (44.6) 9.7 (49.5) 12.1 (53.8) 15.8 (60.4) 18.5 (65.3) 21.4 (70.5) 21.0 (69.8) 17.7 (63.9) 13.6 (56.5) 9.5 (49.1) 7.3 (45.1) 13.4 (56.1) Average low °C (°F) 1.2 (34.2) 0.9 (33.6) 2.4 (36.3) 3.5 (38.3) 6.2 (43.2) 9.3 (48.7) 11.5 (52.7) 11.2 (52.2) 9.1 (48.4) 6.3 (43.3) 3.4 (38.1) 2.0 (35.6) 5.6 (42.1) Record low °C (°F) −20.8 (−5.4) −13.7 (7.3) −11.6 (11.1) −6.6 (20.1) −3.8 (25.2) −0.8 (30.6) 1.2 (34.2) 2.2 (36) −1.8 (28.8) −6.8 (19.8) −8.9 (16) −18.5 (−1.3) −20.8 (−5.4) Precipitation mm (inches) 66.21 (2.6067) 48.71 (1.9177) 50.17 (1.9752) 48.21 (1.898) 48.73 (1.9185) 59.94 (2.3598) 43.53 (1.7138) 60.27 (2.3728) 61.82 (2.4339) 62.62 (2.4654) 62.34 (2.4543) 69.97 (2.7547) 662.69 (26.0902) Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.7 60.0 101.5 129.2 178.0 186.2 181.0 166.8 134.3 97.2 64.2 46.9 1,395 Source #1: Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute[97] Source #2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[98] Environment Main article: Parks and open spaces in Birmingham Birmingham Botanical GardensThere are 571 parks within Birmingham[99] – more than any other European city[100] – totalling over 3,500 hectares (14 sq mi) of public open space.[99] The city has over six million trees,[100] and 250 miles of urban brooks and streams.[99] Sutton Park, which covers 2,400 acres (971 ha) in the north of the city,[101] is the largest urban park in Europe and a National Nature Reserve.[99] Birmingham Botanical Gardens, located close to the city centre, retain the regency landscape of their original design by J. C. Loudon in 1829,[102] while the Winterbourne Botanic Garden maintained by the University of Birmingham reflects the more informal Arts and Crafts tastes of its Edwardian origins.[103] Birmingham has many areas of wildlife that lie in both informal settings such as the Project Kingfisher and Woodgate Valley Country Park and in a selection of parks such as Lickey Hills Country Park, Handsworth Park, Kings Heath Park, and Cannon Hill Park; the latter also housing the Birmingham Nature Centre.[104] Demography Main article: Demography of Birmingham Historical population of Birmingham, between 1651 and 2011[105]The 2012 Mid-Year Estimate for the population of Birmingham was 1,085,400. This was an increase of 11,200, or 1.0%, since the 2011 MYE. Since 2001, the population has grown by 99,500, or 10.1%. Birmingham is the largest local Authority area and city outside of London. The population density is 10,391 inhabitants per square mile (4,102/km²) compared to the 976.9 inhabitants per square mile (377.2/km²) for England. Based on the 2011 census, Birmingham's population is projected to reach 1,160,100 by 2021, an increase of 8.0%. This compares with an estimated rate of 9.1% for the previous decade.[106] The West Midlands conurbation had a population of 2,441,00 (2011 set.,), and 2,762,700 people live in the West Midlands (county) (2012 est.,). Racial structure, according to the 2011 census White (57.9%) Asian (26.6%) Black (8.9%) Mixed (4.4%) Arab (1.0%) Other (1.2%)According to figures from the 2011 census, 57.9% of the population was White (53.1% White British, 2.1% White Irish, 2.7% Other White), 4.4% of mixed race (2.3% White and Black Caribbean, 0.3% White and Black African, 1.0% White and Asian, 0.8% Other Mixed), 26.6% Asian (13.5% Pakistani, 6.0% Indian, 3.0% Bangladeshi, 1.2% Chinese, 2.9% Other Asian), 8.9% Black (2.8% African, 4.4% Caribbean, 1.7% Other Black), 1.0% Arab and 1.0% of other ethnic heritage.[2] 57% of primary and 52% of secondary pupils are from non-white British families.[107] 238,313 Birmingham residents were born overseas, of these, 44% (103,682) have been resident in the UK for less than 10 years. Countries new to the twenty most reported countries of birth for Birmingham residents since 2001 include, Iran, Zimbabwe, Philippines and Romania. Established migrants outnumbered newer migrants in all wards except for, Edgbaston, Ladywood, Nechells and Selly Oak. In Birmingham 60.4% of the population was aged between 16 and 74, compared to 66.7% in England as a whole.[108] There are generally more females than males in each single year of age, except for the youngest ages (0-18) and late 30’s and late 50’s. Females represented 51.6% of the population whilst men represented 48.4%. The differences are most marked in the oldest age group reflecting greater female longevity, where more women were 70 or over.[109] The bulge around the early 20’s is due largely to students coming to the city’s Universities. Children around age 10 are a relatively small group, reflecting the decline in birth rates around the turn of the Century. There is a large group of children under the age of five which reflecting high numbers of births in recent years. Births are up 20% since 2001, increasing from 14,427 to 17,423 in 2011. In 2011 of all households in Birmingham, 0.12% were Same-Sex Civil Partnership couple households, compared to the English national average of 0.16%.[110] 25.9% of all households owned their accommodation outright, another 29.3% owned their accommodation with a mortgage or loan. These figures were below the national average.[111] 45.5% of people said they were in very good health which was below the national average. Another 33.9% said they were in good health, which was also below the national average. 9.1% of people said their day-to-day activities were limited a lot by their health which was higher than the national average.[111] The Birmingham Larger Urban Zone, a Eurostat measure of the functional city-region approximated to local government districts, has a population of 2,357,100 in 2004.[112] In addition to Birmingham itself, the LUZ includes the Metropolitan Boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull and Walsall, along with the districts of Lichfield, Tamworth, North Warwickshire and Bromsgrove.[113] Economy Main article: Economy of Birmingham Colmore Row, at the heart of Birmingham's Business District, is traditionally the most prestigious business address in the city.[114]Birmingham grew to prominence as a manufacturing and engineering centre, but its economy today is dominated by the service sector, which in 2012 accounted for 88% of the city's employment.[10] Birmingham is the largest centre in Great Britain for employment in public administration, education and health;[115] and after Leeds the second largest centre outside London for employment in financial and other business services.[116] It is ranked as a beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,[11] and its wider metropolitan economy is the second-largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $114.3bn (2012 est., PPP).[1] Two FTSE100 companies have their corporate headquarters within Birmingham, with two more based in the wider metropolitan area, together forming the largest concentration outside London and the South East.[117] With major facilities such as the National Exhibition Centre and International Convention Centre Birmingham attracts 42% of the UK's total conference and exhibition trade.[118] Birmingham's GVA was £21.2bn (2012 est.,), and the economy grew relatively slowly between 2002 and 2012, where growth was 30% below the national average.[119] Average annual economic growth for 2014-2019 is forecast at 2.06%, which is slightly lower than the average for the Core Cities Group (2.08%).[120] While the value of manufacturing output in the city declined by 21% in real terms between 1997 and 2010, the value of financial and insurance activities more than doubled.[121] With 16,281 start-ups registered during 2013 Birmingham is the "top-performing" city for entrepreneurial activity outside London,[122] although the latest official figures from the ONS released in 2013 showed that business stock, the number of registered businesses, increased by 1.6%, which was lower than the Core Cities average of 3.6%.[123] GVA for Birmingham 2002-2012[124] Year GVA (£ million) Growth (%) 2002 16,117 08.2% 2003 17,069 05.9% 2004 17,532 02.7% 2005 18,281 04.3% 2006 18,538 01.4% 2007 19,806 06.8% 2008 20,198 02.0% 2009 19,824 01.9% 2010 20,680 04.3% 2011 21,148 02.3% 2012 21,191 00.2% The Jaguar F-Type, made by Jaguar Cars at Castle Bromwich Assembly.Birmingham was behind only London and Edinburgh for private sector job creation between 2010 and 2013,[125] although some 17% of the population is unemployed, the highest level in any big city in the country.[126] In the inner-city wards of Aston and Washwood Heath, the figure is higher than 30%. Two-fifths of Birmingham’s population live in areas classified as in the 10% most deprived parts of England, and overall Birmingham is the most deprived local authority in England in terms of income and employment deprivation.[127] The city’s infant mortality rate is high, around 60% worse than the national average.[128] Overall Birmingham ranked 10th in the UK for quality of life (2013), according to a rating of the UK's 12 largest cities, ahead of Sheffield and Bradford who rank 11th and 12th respectively.[129] Meanwhile, just 49% of women have jobs, compared to 65% nationally,[128] and only 28% of the working-age population in Birmingham have degree level qualifications in contrast to the average of 34% across other Core Cities.[130] 22% of the population is under the age of 15 and its schools perform better than the national average,[131] which may become an asset to the city. Levels of economic inequality in Birmingham are higher than in any other major English city, and are exceeded only by Glasgow in the United Kingdom.[132] Schools still under council control are busy forging links with local firms.[128] A new high-speed rail link is due to open in 2026 which is expected to have profound economic implications for Birmingham. The city’s leaders hope that will be the final touch to their “Big City Plan” to regenerate the Eastside. A new park is to be built on the wasteland, while the crumbling station at New Street is being overhauled. An entire quarter of the city has been designated an “enterprise zone”, with tax relief and simplified planning to lure investment.[133] Culture Main article: Culture of Birmingham Music Main articles: Classical music of Birmingham, Jazz of Birmingham, and Popular music of Birmingham The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra performing at Symphony HallThe internationally renowned City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra's home venue is Symphony Hall. Other notable professional orchestras based in the city include the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, the Royal Ballet Sinfonia and Ex Cathedra, a Baroque chamber choir and period instrument orchestra. The Orchestra of the Swan is the resident chamber orchestra at Birmingham Town Hall,[134] where weekly recitals have also been given by the City Organist since 1834.[135] The Birmingham Triennial Music Festivals took place from 1784 to 1912. Music was specially composed, conducted or performed by Mendelssohn, Gounod, Sullivan, Dvořák, Bantock and Edward Elgar, who wrote four of his most famous choral pieces for Birmingham. Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius had its début performance there in 1900. Composers born in the city include Albert William Ketèlbey and Andrew Glover. Jazz has been popular in the city since the 1920s,[136] and there are many regular festivals such as the Harmonic Festival, the Mostly Jazz Festival and the annual International Jazz Festival. Birmingham's other city-centre music venues include The National Indoor Arena, which was opened in 1991, 02 Academy on Bristol Street, which opened in September 2009 replacing the 02 Academy in Dale End, The CBSO Centre, opened in 1997, HMV Institute in Digbeth and the Adrian Boult Hall at the Birmingham Conservatoire. Black Sabbath, pioneers of heavy metal.During the 1960s Birmingham was the home of a music scene comparable to that of Liverpool.[137] Although it produced no single band as big as The Beatles it was a "a seething cauldron of musical activity", and the international success of groups such as The Move, The Spencer Davis Group, The Moody Blues, Traffic and the Electric Light Orchestra had a collective influence that stretched into the 1970s and beyond.[137] The city was the birthplace of heavy metal music,[138] with pioneering metal bands from the late 1960s and 1970s such as Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, and half of Led Zeppelin having come from Birmingham. The next decade saw the influential metal bands Napalm Death and Godflesh arise from the city. Birmingham was the birthplace of modern bhangra in the 1960s,[139] and by the 1980s had established itself as the global centre of bhangra culture,[140] which has grown into a global phenomenon embraced by members of the Indian diaspora worldwide from Los Angeles to Singapore.[139] The 1970s also saw the rise of reggae and ska in the city with such bands as Steel Pulse, UB40, Musical Youth, Beshara and The Beat, expounding racial unity with politically leftist lyrics and multiracial line-ups, mirroring social currents in Birmingham at that time. Other popular bands from Birmingham include Duran Duran, Fine Young Cannibals, Ocean Colour Scene, The Streets, The Twang and Dexys Midnight Runners. Musicians Jeff Lynne, Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Iommi, John Lodge, Roy Wood, Joan Armatrading, Toyah Willcox, Denny Laine, Sukshinder Shinda, Steve Winwood, Jamelia and Fyfe Dangerfield all grew up in the city. Since 2012 the Digbeth-based B-Town indie music scene has attracted widespread attention, led by bands such as Peace and Swim Deep, with the NME comparing Digbeth to London's Shoreditch, and The Independent writing that "Birmingham is fast becoming the best place in the UK to look to for the most exciting new music".[141] Theatre and performing arts The Birmingham Hippodrome, home stage of the Birmingham Royal Ballet, is the busiest single theatre in the United Kingdom.[142]Birmingham's leading producing theatre is the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, which was founded by Barry Jackson in 1913 to "serve an art instead of making that art serve a commercial purpose".[143] The Rep pioneered innovations such as the performance of Shakespeare in modern dress,[144] and launched the careers of performers including Laurence Olivier, Ralph Richardson, Peggy Ashcroft, Paul Scofield and Albert Finney.[145] Other theatre companies in Birmingham include the experimental Stan's Cafe, the politically radical Banner Theatre, the Birmingham Stage Company and the Maverick Theatre Company. The Alexandra Theatre and the Birmingham Hippodrome host large-scale touring productions, while professional drama is performed on a wide range of stages across the city, including the Old Rep, the Crescent Theatre, the Custard Factory, the Old Joint Stock Theatre, the Blue Orange Theatre, the Drum in Aston and the mac in Cannon Hill Park.During the 70s, mac, then known as the Midlands Arts Centre for Young People had its own professional puppet theatre and resident theatre company, members of the theatre company included Mike Leigh, Brian Blessed and Sir Tony Robinson. The Birmingham Royal Ballet is one of the United Kingdom's three major ballet companies and the only one based outside London.[146] It is resident at the Birmingham Hippodrome and tours extensively nationally and internationally. The company's associated ballet school – Elmhurst School for Dance in Edgbaston – is the oldest vocational dance school in the country.[147] The Birmingham Opera Company under artistic director Graham Vick has developed an international reputation for its avant-garde productions,[148] which often take place in factories, abandoned buildings and other found spaces around the city.[149] In 2010 it was described by The Guardian as "far and away the most powerful example that I've experienced in this country of how and why opera can still matter."[150] More conventional seasons by Welsh National Opera and other visiting opera companies take place regularly at the Birmingham Hippodrome.[151] Literature Main article: Literature of Birmingham Literary figures associated with Birmingham include Samuel Johnson who stayed in Birmingham for a short period and was born in nearby Lichfield. Arthur Conan Doyle worked in the Aston area of Birmingham whilst poet Louis MacNeice lived in Birmingham for six years. It was whilst staying in Birmingham that American author Washington Irving produced several of his most famous literary works, such as Bracebridge Hall and The Humorists, A Medley which are based on Aston Hall. W. H. AudenThe poet W. H. Auden grew up in the Harborne area of the city and during the 1930s formed the core of the Auden Group with Birmingham University lecturer Louis MacNeice. Other influential poets associated with Birmingham include Roi Kwabena, who was the city's sixth poet laureate,[152] and Benjamin Zephaniah, who was born in the city. Author J. R. R. Tolkien was brought up in Birmingham, with many locations in the city such as Moseley bog, Sarehole Mill and Perrott's Folly supposedly being the inspiration for various scenes in The Lord of the Rings. The award winning political playwright David Edgar was born in Birmingham, and the science fiction author John Wyndham spent his early childhood in the Edgbaston area of the city, as did Dame Barbara Cartland. Birmingham has a vibrant contemporary literary scene, with local authors including David Lodge, Jim Crace, Jonathan Coe, Joel Lane and Judith Cutler.[153] The city's leading contemporary literary publisher is the Tindal Street Press, whose authors include prize-winning novelists Catherine O'Flynn, Clare Morrall and Austin Clarke.[154] Birmingham is the home of the UK's longest-established local science fiction group, launched in 1971 (although there were earlier incarnations in the 1940s and 1960s) and which organises the annual science fiction event Novacon. Art and design Main article: Art of Birmingham Rhyl Sands (ca. 1854), Oil on Canvas, by David CoxThe Birmingham School of landscape artists emerged with Daniel Bond in the 1760s and was to last into the mid 19th century.[155] Its most important figure was David Cox, whose later works make him an important precursor of impressionism.[156] The influence of the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists and the Birmingham School of Art made Birmingham an important centre of Victorian art, particularly within the Pre-Raphaelite and Arts and Crafts movements.[157] Major figures included the Pre-Raphaelite and symbolist Edward Burne-Jones; Walter Langley, the first of the Newlyn School painters;[158] and Joseph Southall, leader of the group of artists and craftsmen known as the Birmingham Group. The Birmingham Surrealists were among the "harbingers of surrealism" in Britain in the 1930s and the movement's most active members in the 1940s,[159] while more abstract artists associated with the city included Lee Bank-born David Bomberg and CoBrA member William Gear. Birmingham artists were prominent in several post-war developments in art: Peter Phillips was among the central figures in the birth of Pop Art;[160] John Salt was the only major European figure among the pioneers of photo-realism;[161] and the BLK Art Group used painting, collage and multimedia to examine the politics and culture of Black British identity. Contemporary artists from the city include the Turner Prize winner Gillian Wearing and the Turner Prize shortlisted Richard Billingham, John Walker and Roger Hiorns.[162] Birmingham's role as a manufacturing and printing centre has supported strong local traditions of graphic design and product design. Iconic works by Birmingham designers include the Baskerville font,[163] Ruskin Pottery,[164] the Acme Thunderer whistle,[165] the Art Deco branding of the Odeon Cinemas[166] and the Mini.[167] Museums and galleries Barber Institute of Fine ArtsBirmingham has two major public art collections. Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery is best known for its works by the Pre-Raphaelites, a collection "of outstanding importance".[168] It also holds a significant selection of old masters – including major works by Bellini, Rubens, Canaletto and Claude – and particularly strong collections of 17th-century Italian Baroque painting and English watercolours.[168] Its design holdings include Europe's pre-eminent collections of ceramics and fine metalwork.[168] The Barber Institute of Fine Arts in Edgbaston is one of the finest small art galleries in the world,[169] with a collection of exceptional quality representing Western art from the 13th century to the present day.[170] The council also owns other museums in the city such as Aston Hall, Blakesley Hall, the Museum of the Jewellery Quarter, Soho House and Sarehole Mill. The Birmingham Back to Backs are the last surviving court of back-to-back houses in the city.[171] Cadbury World is a museum showing visitors the stages and steps of chocolate production and the history of chocolate and the company. The Ikon Gallery hosts displays of contemporary art, as does Eastside Projects. Thinktank is Birmingham's main science museum, with a giant screen cinema, a planetarium and a collection that includes the Smethwick Engine, the world's oldest working steam engine.[172] Other science-based museums include the National Sea Life Centre in Brindleyplace, the Lapworth Museum of Geology at the University of Birmingham and the Centre of the Earth environmental education centre in Winson Green. Nightlife and festivals Digbeth Institute; an influential music venue since the 1960sNightlife in Birmingham is mainly concentrated along Broad Street and into Brindleyplace. Although in more recent years Broad St has lost its popularity due to the closing of several clubs, the Arcadian now has more popularity in terms of nightlife. Outside the Broad Street area are many stylish and underground venues. The Medicine Bar in the Custard Factory, hmv Institute, Rainbow Pub and Air are large clubs and bars in Digbeth. Around the Chinese Quarter are areas such as the Arcadian and Hurst Street Gay Village, that abound with bars and clubs. Summer Row, The Mailbox, O2 Academy in Bristol Street,Snobs Nightclub, St Philips/Colmore Row, St Paul's Square and the Jewellery Quarter all have a vibrant night life. There are a number of late night pubs in the Irish Quarter.[173] Outside the city centre is Star City entertainment complex on the former site of Nechells Power Station.[174] Birmingham's St Patrick's Day parade is the largest in Europe outside Dublin, and the city's largest single-day eventBirmingham is home to many national, religious and spiritual festivals including a St. George's Day party. The Birmingham Tattoo is a long-standing military show held annually at the National Indoor Arena. The Caribbean-style Birmingham International Carnival takes place in odd numbered years. Birmingham Pride takes place in the gay village and attracts up to 100,000 visitors each year. From 1997 until December 2006, the city hosted an annual arts festival ArtsFest, the largest free arts festival in the UK at the time.[175] The city's largest single-day event is its St. Patrick's Day parade (Europe's second largest, after Dublin).[176] Other multicultural events include the Bangla Mela and the Vaisakhi Mela. The Birmingham Heritage Festival is a Mardi Gras style event in August. Caribbean and African culture are celebrated with parades and street performances by buskers. Other festivals in the city include the Birmingham International Jazz Festival,"Party in the Park" was originally a festival hosted by local and regional radio stations which died down in 2007 and has now been brought back to life as an unsigned festival for regional unsigned acts to showcase themselves in a one day music festival for the whole family. In 2013 it is on 30 June and hosts over 33 acts and bands with lots of family orientated events on during the day such as street dance workshops and ball games. Birmingham Comedy Festival (since 2001; 10 days in October), which has been headlined by such acts as Peter Kay, The Fast Show, Jimmy Carr, Lee Evans and Lenny Henry, and the Off The Cuff Festival established in 2009. The biennial International Dance Festival Birmingham started in 2008, organised by DanceXchange and involving indoor and outdoor venues across the city. Since 2001 Birmingham is also host to the Frankfurt Christmas Market. Modelled on its German counterpart it has grown to become the UK's largest outdoor Christmas market and is the largest German market outside of Germany and Austria,[177] attracting over 3.1 million visitors in 2010[178] and over 5 million visitors in 2011.[179] Architecture Further information: Architecture of Birmingham, List of tallest buildings and structures in Birmingham, and Listed buildings in Birmingham 17 & 19 Newhall Street in Birmingham's characteristic Victorian red brick and terracottaBirmingham is chiefly a product of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries; its growth began during the Industrial Revolution. Consequently, relatively few buildings survive from its earlier history and those that do are protected. There are 1,946 listed buildings in Birmingham and thirteen scheduled ancient monuments.[180] Birmingham City Council also operate a locally listing scheme for buildings that do not fully meet the criteria for statutorily listed status. Traces of medieval Birmingham can be seen in the oldest churches, notably the original parish church, St Martin in the Bull Ring. A few other buildings from the medieval and Tudor periods survive, among them the Lad in the Lane[181] and The Old Crown, the 15th century Saracen's Head public house and Old Grammar School in Kings Norton[182] and Blakesley Hall. A number of Georgian buildings survive, including St Philip's Cathedral, Soho House, Perrott's Folly, the Town Hall and much of St Paul's Square. The Victorian era saw extensive building across the city. Major civic buildings such as the Victoria Law Courts (in characteristic red brick and terracotta), the Council House and the Museum & Art Gallery were constructed.[183] St Chad's Cathedral was the first Roman Catholic cathedral to be built in the UK since the Reformation.[184] Across the city, the need to house the industrial workers gave rise to miles of redbrick streets and terraces, many of back-to-back houses, some of which were later to become inner-city slums.[185] Selfridges, by architects Future Systems.Postwar redevelopment and anti-Victorianism resulted in the loss of dozens of Victorian buildings like Birmingham New Street Station and the old Central Library.[186] In inner-city areas too, much Victorian housing was redeveloped. Existing communities were relocated to tower block estates like Castle Vale.[187] Birmingham City Council now has an extensive tower block demolition and renovation programme. There has been much redevelopment in the city centre in recent years, including the award-winning[188] Future Systems' Selfridges building in the Bullring Shopping Centre, the Brindleyplace regeneration project, the Millennium Point science and technology centre, and the refurbishment of the iconic Rotunda building. Funding for many of these projects has come from the European Union; the Town Hall for example received £3 million in funding from the European Regional Development Fund.[189] Highrise development has slowed since the 1970s and mainly in recent years because of enforcements imposed by the Civil Aviation Authority on the heights of buildings as they could affect aircraft from the Airport (e.g. Beetham Tower).[190] Transport Main article: Transport in Birmingham The Gravelly Hill Interchange, where the M6 motorway meets the Aston Expressway, is the original Spaghetti Junction.Partly because of its central location, Birmingham is a major transport hub on the motorway, rail and canal networks.[191] The city is served by the M5, M6, M40, and M42 motorways, and probably the best known motorway junction in the UK: Spaghetti Junction.[192] The M6 passes through the city on the Bromford Viaduct, which at 5,600 metres (18,400 ft) is the longest bridge in the United Kingdom.[193] The National Express Group headquarters are located in Digbeth, in offices above the newly developed Birmingham Coach Station, which forms the national hub of the company's coach network. Birmingham Airport, located six miles east of the city centre in the neighbouring borough of Solihull, is the seventh busiest by passenger traffic in the United Kingdom and the third busiest outside the London area after Manchester and Edinburgh. It is a major base for airlines including Flybe, Ryanair, BMI Regional, Monarch Airlines and Thomson Airways; and is connected by flag carrier airlines to major international hubs including Dubai, New York-Newark, Frankfurt, Munich, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Amsterdam.[194] Birmingham-built Pendolino at New Street railway stationBirmingham New Street railway station is the busiest in the United Kingdom outside London, both for passenger entries and exits and for passenger interchanges.[195] It is the national hub for CrossCountry, the most extensive long-distance train network in Britain,[196] and a major destination for Virgin Trains services from London Euston, Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley.[197] Birmingham Snow Hill and Birmingham Moor Street, the other major railway stations in the city centre, form the northern terminii for Chiltern Railways express trains running from London Marylebone.[198] Local and regional services are operated from all of Birmingham's stations by London Midland.[199] Local public transport in Birmingham is co-ordinated by Centro, the Integrated Transport Authority for the West Midlands county. Branded as "Network West Midlands", Centro's network includes the busiest urban rail system in the UK outside London, with 122 million passenger entries and exits per annum;[200] the busiest urban bus system outside London, with 300.2 million passenger journeys per annum;[201] and the Midland Metro, a light rail system which operates between Snow Hill and Wolverhampton via Bilston, Wednesbury and West Bromwich,[202] and which is currently being extended from Snow Hill further into Birmingham city centre.[203] Bus routes are mainly operated by National Express West Midlands, which accounts for over 80% of all bus journeys in Birmingham, though there are around 50 other, smaller registered bus companies.[204] The number 11 outer circle bus routes are the longest urban bus routes in Europe, being 26 miles (42 km) long[205] with 272 bus stops.[206] Birmingham is also notable for its extensive canal system and the city is often noted for having more miles of canal than Venice. The canals fed the industry in the city during the Industrial Revolution. Canalside regeneration schemes such as Brindleyplace have turned the canals into tourist attractions. Education Main article: Education in Birmingham Further and higher education University of BirminghamBirmingham is home to five universities: the University of Birmingham, Aston University, Birmingham City University, University College Birmingham and Newman University. The city also hosts major campuses of the University of Law and BPP University, as well as the Open University's West Midlands regional base, which has 60 staff, 600 tutors and 12,000 students.[207] In 2011 Birmingham had 78,259 full-time students aged 18–74 resident in the city during term time, more than any other city in the United Kingdom outside London.[208] The Birmingham Business School, established by Sir William Ashley in 1902, is the oldest graduate-level business school in the United Kingdom.[209] Other business schools in the city include Aston Business School, one of fewer than 1% of business schools globally to be granted triple accreditation,[210] and Birmingham City Business School. The Birmingham Conservatoire, Birmingham School of Acting and Birmingham Institute of Art and Design, all now part of Birmingham City University, offer higher education in specific arts subjects. Birmingham is an important centre for religious education. St Mary's College, Oscott is one of the three seminaries of the Catholic Church in England and Wales;[211] Woodbrooke is the only Quaker study centre in Europe;[212] and Queen's College, Edgbaston is an ecumenical theological college serving the Church of England, the Methodist Church and the United Reformed Church. Birmingham Metropolitan College is one of the largest further education colleges in the country,[213] with fourteen campuses spread across Birmingham and into the Black Country and Worcestershire.[214] South & City College Birmingham has nine campuses spread throughout the city.[215] Bournville College is based in a £66 million, 4.2 acre campus in Longbridge that opened in 2011.[216] Fircroft College is a residential college based in a former Edwardian mansion in Selly Oak, founded in 1909 around a strong commitment to social justice, with many courses aimed at students with few prior formal qualifications.[217] Queen Alexandra College is a specialist college based in Harborne offering further education to visually impaired or disabled students from all over the United Kingdom.[218] Primary and secondary education Moseley School is one of the largest of the 77 secondary schools in the cityBirmingham City Council is England's largest local education authority, directly or indirectly responsible for 25 nursery schools, 328 primary schools, 77 secondary schools[219] and 29 special schools.[220] and providing around 3,500 adult education courses throughout the year.[221] Most of Birmingham's state schools are community schools run directly by Birmingham City Council in its role as local education authority (LEA). However, there are a large number of voluntary aided schools within the state system. Since the 1970s, most secondary schools in Birmingham have been 11-16/18 comprehensive schools, while post GCSE students have the choice of continuing their education in either a school's sixth form or at a further education college. Birmingham has always operated a primary school system of 4–7 infant and 7–11 junior schools. King Edward's School, founded in 1552, is the oldest and perhaps the most prestigious independent school in the city. Other notable independent schools in the city include the Birmingham Blue Coat School and Edgbaston High School for Girls. The seven schools of The King Edward VI Foundation are known nationally for setting very high academic standards and all the schools consistently achieve top positions in national league tables.[222] Birmingham was set to receive up to £2.4 billion of central government funding for the replacement and modernisation of many of its secondary schools as part of the Building Schools for the Future programme. Procurement commenced in 2009, with the Lend Lease Group being the successful Local Education Partnership company contracted to resource and undertake the work.[223] The first three sample schools were all designed, constructed and completed by 2011, however the programme was scrapped shortly before their completion in July 2010, with only a few schools and the remaining Academy schemes being built and completed by September 2013. Public services In Birmingham libraries, leisure centres, parks, play areas, transport, street cleaning and waste collection face cuts among other services. It is claimed government cuts to local authorities have hit Birmingham disproportionately.[224] Child protection services within Birmingham were rated "inadequate" by OFSTED for four years running between 2009 and 2013, with 20 child deaths since 2007 being investigated.[225] In March 2014 the government announced that independent commissioner would be appointed to oversee improvements to children's services within the city.[226] Library services The Library of Birmingham is the new home for the largest municipal library in EuropeThe former Birmingham Central Library, opened in 1972, was considered to be the largest municipal library in Europe.[227] Six of its collections were designated by the Arts Council England as being "pre-eminent collections of national and international importance", out of only eight collections to be so recognised in local authority libraries nationwide.[228] A new Library of Birmingham in Centenary Square, replacing Central Library, was opened on 3 September 2013. It was designed by the Dutch architects Mecanoo and has been described as "a kind of public forum ... a memorial, a shrine, to the book and to literature".[229] This library faces cuts, due to reduced funding from Central government.[230] There are 41 local libraries in Birmingham, plus a regular mobile library service.[231] The library service has 4 million visitors annually.[232] Four of the branch libraries risk closure due to the national government insisting that Birmingham City Council cuts back services. The four are Aston Library, Spring Hill Library in Ladywood, West Heath Library and Wylde Green Library. In other branch libraries book funds will be cut, volunteers will replace skilled staff. Mobile libraries and home library services for people who cannot easily get out also face cuts.[230] Emergency services Law enforcement in Birmingham is carried out by West Midlands Police, whose headquarters are at Lloyd House in Birmingham City Centre. With 87.92 recorded offences per 1000 population in 2009–10, Birmingham's crime rate is above the average for England and Wales, but lower than any of England's other major core cities and lower than many smaller cities such as Oxford, Cambridge or Brighton.[233] Fire and rescue services in Birmingham are provided by West Midlands Fire Service and emergency medical care by West Midlands Ambulance Service. Healthcare The Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Edgbaston houses the largest critical care unit in Europe.There are several major National Health Service hospitals in Birmingham. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, adjacent to the Birmingham Medical School in Edgbaston, houses the largest critical care unit in Europe,[234] and is also the home of the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, treating military personnel injured in conflict zones.[235] Other general hospitals in the city include Heartlands Hospital, Good Hope Hospital in Sutton Coldfield and City Hospital in Winson Green. There are also many specialist hospitals, such as Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham Dental Hospital, and the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital. Birmingham saw the first ever use of radiography in an operation,[236] and the UK's first ever hole-in-the-heart operation was performed at Birmingham Children's Hospital.[237] Water supply The Birmingham Corporation Water Department was set up in 1876 to supply water to Birmingham, up until 1974 when its responsibilities were transferred to Severn Trent Water. Most of Birminghams water is supplied by the Elan aqueduct,[238] opened in 1904; water is fed by gravity to Frankley Reservoir, Frankley, and Bartley Reservoir, Bartley Green, from reservoirs in the Elan Valley, Wales.[239] Energy from waste Birmingham is home to the Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant, a large incineration plant built in 1996 for Veolia,[240] that burns some 366,414 tonnes of household waste annually and produces 166,230 MWh of electricity for the National Grid along with 282,013 tonnes of carbon dioxide.[241] It has been strongly opposed by Birmingham Friends of the Earth for contributing to climate change, causing air pollution and reducing recycling rates in the city. Another energy from waste centre using pyrolysis technology, has been approved at Washwood Heath.[242] Religion Main article: Religion in Birmingham Statue of Charles Gore, first Bishop of Birmingham, in front of St Philip's CathedralReligion of Birmingham residents, 2011 Christian 46.1% Muslim 21.8% No religion 19.3% Religion not stated 6.5% Sikh 3.0% Hindu 2.1% Other religion 0.5% Buddhist 0.4% Jewish 0.2% Source: 2011 Census[243] Christianity is the largest religion within Birmingham with 46.1% of residents stating that they were Christian in the 2011 Census, but the city's religious profile is highly diverse: outside London, Birmingham has the United Kingdom's largest Muslim, Sikh and Buddhist communities; its second largest Hindu community; and its seventh largest Jewish community.[243] Between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, the proportion of Christians in Birmingham decreased from 59.1% to 46.1%, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 14.3% to 21.8% and the proportion of people with no religious affiliation increased from 12.4% to 19.3%. All other religious remained proportionately similar.[244] St Philip's Cathedral was upgraded from church status when the Anglican Diocese of Birmingham was created in 1905. There are two other cathedrals: St Chad's, seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham and the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God and St Andrew. The Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Midlands is also based at Birmingham, with a cathedral under construction. The original parish church of Birmingham, St Martin in the Bull Ring, is Grade II* listed. A short distance from Five Ways the Birmingham Oratory was completed in 1910 on the site of Cardinal Newman's original foundation. The oldest surviving synagogue in Birmingham is the 1825 Greek Revival Severn Street Synagogue, now a Freemason's Lodge hall. It was replaced in 1856 by the Grade II* listed Singers Hill Synagogue. Birmingham Central Mosque, one of the largest in Europe, was constructed in the 1960s.[245] During the late 1990s Ghamkol Shariff Masjid was built in Small Heath.[246] The Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha Sikh Gurdwara was built on Soho Road in Handsworth in the late 1970s and the Buddhist Dhammatalaka Peace Pagoda near Edgbaston Reservoir in the 1990s. Sport Main article: Sport in Birmingham Aston Villa vs. Birmingham City in the Second City derby at Villa Park.Birmingham has played an important part in the history of sport. The Football League – the world's first league football competition – was founded by Birmingham resident and Aston Villa director William McGregor, who wrote to fellow club directors in 1888 proposing "that ten or twelve of the most prominent clubs in England combine to arrange home-and-away fixtures each season".[247] The modern game of tennis was developed between 1859 and 1865 by Harry Gem and his friend Augurio Perera at Perera's house in Edgbaston,[248] with the Edgbaston Archery and Lawn Tennis Society |
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