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Major religious communities in Marseille include : Roman Catholic (405,000) Muslim (150,000) Armenian Apostolic (80,000) Jewish (80,000, making Marseille the third largest urban Jewish community in Europe) Protestant (20,000) Eastern Orthodox (10,000) Buddhist (3,000).[55] Culture Paul Cézanne: The bay of Marseille from l'Estaque Marseille has been designated as European Capital of Culture in 2013.[56] Marseille is a city that has its own unique culture and is proud of its differences from the rest of France.[57] Today it is a regional centre for culture and entertainment with an important opera house, historical and maritime museums, five art galleries and numerous cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants. Marseille has a large number of theatres, including la Criée, le Gymnase and the Théâtre Toursky. There is also an extensive arts centre in La Friche, a former match factory behind the St-Charles station. The Alcazar, until the 1960s a well known music-hall and variety theatre, has recently been completely remodelled behind its original façade and now houses the central municipal library.[58] Marseille has also been important in the arts. It has been the birthplace and home of many French writers and poets, including Victor Gélu (fr), Valère Bernard (fr), Pierre Bertas, Edmond Rostand and André Roussin. The small port of l'Estaque on the far end of the Bay of Marseille became a favourite haunt for artists, including Auguste Renoir, Paul Cézanne (who frequently visited from his home in Aix), Georges Braque and Raoul Dufy. Tarot de Marseille Marseille tarot card The most commonly used tarot deck takes his name from the city; it has been called the Tarot de Marseille since the 1930s—a name coined for commercial use by the French cardmaker and cartomancer Paul Marteau owner of B–P Grimaud. Previously this deck was called Tarot italien (Italian Tarot) and even earlier it was simply called Tarot. Before being de Marseille, it was used to play the local variant of tarocchi before it became used in cartomancy at the end of the 18th century, following the trend set by Antoine Court de Gébelin. The name Tarot de Marseille (Marteau used the name ancien Tarot de Marseille) was used by contrast to other types of Tarots such as Tarot de Besançon, those names were simply associated to cities where there were many cardmakers in the 18th century (previously several cities in France were involved in cardmaking).[59] Another local tradition is the making of santons, small hand-crafted figurines for the traditional Provençal Christmas creche. Since 1803, starting on the last Sunday of November, there has been a Santon Fair in Marseille; it is currently held in the Cours d'Estienne d'Orves, a large square off the Vieux-Port. The Opéra de Marseille Opera Marseille's main cultural attraction was, since its creation at the end of the 18th century and until the late 1970s, the Opéra. Located near the Old Port and the Canebière, at the very heart of the city, its architectural style was comparable to the classical trend found in other opera houses built at the same time in Lyon and Bordeaux. In 1919, a fire almost completely destroyed the house, leaving only the stone colonnade and peristyle from the original façade.[60][61] The classical façade was restored and the opera house reconstructed in a predominantly Art Deco style, as the result of a major competition. Currently the Opéra de Marseille stages 6 or 7 operas each year.[62] Since 1972, the Ballet national de Marseille has performed at the opera house; its director from its foundation to 1998 was Roland Petit. Popular events and festivals in Marseille There are several popular festivals in different neighborhoods, with concerts, animations, and outdoor bars, like the Fête du Panier in June. On 21 June, there are dozens of free concerts and music scenes in some parts of the city, for the Fête de la Musique. Music from all over the world in introduced. Being a free event, many of Marseilles population attends for a variety of reasons: just to listen to music, experience new genres, or just for the fun of being out with great friends. The city of Marseille hosts the last French Gay Pride of the year, in early July. In 2013 Marseille hosted Europride, an international LGBTQI event, from July 10-20 .[63] At the beginning of July there is the International Documentary Festival.[64] At the end of September the electronic music festival Marsatac takes place. In October the Fiesta des Suds offers many concerts of world music.[65] Hip hop music Marseille is also well known in France for its hip hop music.[66] Bands like IAM originated from Marseille and initiated the rap phenomenon in France. Other known groups include Fonky Family, fr, Psy 4 de la Rime (including rappers Soprano and Alonzo), and Keny Arkana. Gastronomy Bouillabaisse is the most famous seafood dish of Marseille. It is a fish stew containing at least three varieties of very fresh local fish; typically red rascasse (Scorpaena scrofa); sea robin (fr: grondin); and European conger (fr: congre).[67] It can also include gilt-head bream (fr: dorade); turbot; monkfish (fr: lotte or baudroie); mullet; or silver hake (fr: merlan), and it usually also includes shellfish and other seafood such as sea urchins (fr: oursins), mussels (fr: moules); velvet crabs (fr: étrilles); spider crab (fr: araignées de mer), plus potatoes and vegetables. In the traditional version, the fish is served on a platter separate from the broth.[68] The broth is served with rouille, a mayonaisse made with egg yolk, olive oil, red pepper, saffron, and garlic, spread on pieces of toasted bread, or croûtes. Some versions also add grated cheese.[69][70] In Marseille, bouillabaisse is rarely made for fewer than ten people; the more people who share the meal, and the more different fish that are included, the better the bouillabaisse.[71] Aïoli, a sauce made from raw garlic, lemon juice, eggs and olive oil, served with boiled fish, hard boiled eggs and cooked vegetables[72] Anchoïade (fr), a paste made from anchovies, garlic, black olives and olive oil, served with raw vegetables Bourride (fr), a fish dish made with monkfish, mayonnaise and a vegetable brunoise[73] Navette de Marseille (fr), a small hard biscuit in the shape of a boat, flavoured with orange blossom[74] Pastis, an alcoholic beverage made with aniseed and spice, is extremely popular in the region Pieds paquets, a dish prepared from pig's trotters, sheep or pork tripe and lard Pistou is a combination of crushed fresh basil and garlic with olive oil, similar to the Italian pesto. Soup au pistou combines pistou in a broth with pasta and vegetables. Fougasse, is a flat Provençal bread, similar to the Italian focaccia. Traditionally baked in a wood oven and sometimes filled with olives, cheese or anchovies. Panisse (fr), a pastry made from chickpea flour Tapenade, a paste made from capers, chopped olives and olive oil (sometimes anchovies may be added) A traditional Marseille bouillabaisse Fish soup with rouille Swordfish in olive oil with ratatouille and saffron rice Fougasse, the flat bread of Provence, often is made with olives inside. Panisse (fr), a pastry made with chickpea flower. Soup au pistou is made with pistou, a combination of crushed garlic and basil with olive oil, in a broth with pasta and vegetables. A tapenade is made of finely chopped capers, olives and anchovies in olive oil. It is usually spread on slices of toasted bread as an appetizer. Navette de Marseille (fr) Films set in Marseille Marseille has been the setting for many films, produced mostly in France or Hollywood.[75] French nouvelle vague classic À bout de souffle starts in Marseille. Marseille in television The French television series Plus belle la vie is set in an imaginary quartier, Le Mistral, of Marseille. It is filmed in the Panier quartier of Marseille. Main sights Central Marseille The Abbey of St. Victor and the basilica of Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde La Vieille Charité Marseille is listed as a major centre of art and history. The city has many museums and galleries and there are many ancient buildings and churches of historical interest. Most of the attractions of Marseille (including shopping areas) are located in the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th arrondissements. These include:[76][77] The Old Port or Vieux-Port, the main harbour and marina of the city. It is guarded by two massive forts (Fort St Nicolas and Fort Saint Jean) and is one of the main places to eat in the city. Dozens of cafés line the waterfront. The Quai des Belges at the end of the harbour is the site of the daily fish market. Much of the northern quayside area was rebuilt by the architect Fernand Pouillon after its destruction by the Nazis in 1943. The Phare de Sainte Marie, a lighthouse on the inlet to the Old Port. La Vieille Charité in the Panier, an architecturally significant building designed by the Puget brothers. The central baroque chapel is situated in a courtyard lined with arcaded galleries. Originally built as an alms house, it is now home to an archeological museum and a gallery of African and Asian art, as well as bookshops and a café. It also houses the Marseille International Poetry Centre.[78] The Centre Bourse and the adjacent rue St Ferreol district (including rue de Rome and rue Paradis), the main shopping area in central Marseille. The Palais de la Bourse, a 19th-century building housing the chamber of commerce, the first such institution in France. It also contains a small museum, charting the maritime and commercial history of Marseille, as well as a separate collection of models of ships. The Pierre Puget park. The Hôtel-Dieu, a former hospital in the Panier, currently being transformed into an InterContinental hotel. The Abbey of Saint-Victor, one of the oldest places of Christian worship in Europe. Its 5th-century crypt and catacombs occupy the site of a Hellenic burial ground, later used for Christian martyrs and venerated ever since. Continuing a medieval tradition,[79] every year at Candlemas a Black Madonna from the crypt is carried in procession along rue Sainte for a blessing from the archbishop, followed by a mass and the distribution of "navettes" and green votive candles. The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall), a baroque building dating from the 17th century. The Cathedral of Sainte-Marie-Majeure or La Major, founded in the 4th century, enlarged in the 11th century and completely rebuilt in the second half of the 19th century by the architects Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérandieu. The present day cathedral is a gigantic edifice in Romano-Byzantine style. A romanesque transept, choir and altar survive from the older medieval cathedral, spared from complete destruction only as a result of public protests at the time. The 12th-century parish church of Saint-Laurent and adjoining 17th-century chapel of Sainte-Catherine, on the quayside near the Cathedral, recently reopened after restoration.[80] Museums The music room in the Grobet-Labadié museum The MuCEM (Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations), the Villa Mediterannée and the Musée Regards de Provence, all inaugurated in 2013 The Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille, a fine arts museum, located in the Palais Longchamp. The Natural History Museum, located in the Palais Longchamp. The Grobet-Labadié museum, opposite the Palais Longchamp, houses an exceptional collection of European objets d'art and old musical instruments. The Musée d’Art Contemporain de Marseille, a museum of contemporary art, opened in 1994. It is devoted to American and European art from the 1960s to the present day.[81] The Musée de la Faïence de Marseille, a ceramics museum in the Château Pastré. The Musée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée (MuCEM) and the Villa Méditerranée were inaugurated in 2013. The MuCEM is devoted to the history and culture of European and Mediterranean civilisations. The adjacent Villa Méditerranée, an international centre for cultural and artistic interchange, is partially constructed underwater. The site is linked by footbridges to the Fort Saint-Jean and to the Panier.[82] The Musée Regards de Provence, opened in 2013, is located between the Cathedral and the Fort Saint-Jean. It occupies a converted port building constructed in 1945 to monitor and control potential sea-borne health hazards, in particular epidemics. It now houses a permanent collection of historical artworks from Provence as well as temporary exhibitions.[83] The Marseille History Museum, the Musée d'Histoire de Marseille, devoted to the history of the town, located in the Centre Bourse. It contains remains of the Greek and Roman history of Marseille as well as the best preserved hull of a 6th-century boat in the world. Ancient remains from the Hellenic port are displayed in the adjacent archeological gardens, the Jardin des Vestiges. The Musée de la Mode, a museum of modern fashion is located next to the Palais de la Bourse. It displays over 2000 designs from the last 30 years. The Musée Cantini, a museum of modern art near the Palais de Justice. It houses artworks associated with Marseille as well as several works by Picasso. The Musée du Vieux Marseille, housed in the 16th-century Maison Diamantée, describing everyday life in Marseille from the 18th century onwards. The Musée du Terroir Marseillais in Chateau-Gombert, devoted to provencal crafts and traditions. Outside of central Marseille The Calanque of Sugiton in the 9th arrondissement of Marseille The 19th-century Basilica of Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde, built by the architect Esperandieu, is an enormous Romano-Byzantine basilica in the hills to the south of the Old Port. The terrace offers spectacular panoramic views of Marseille and its surroundings. The Stade Vélodrome, the home stadium of the city's main football team, Olympique de Marseille. The Gare Saint-Charles, the main railway station. Below it is the royal Porte d'Aix (1784–1837), a giant triumphal arch, at the crossroads to Aix. The Unité d'Habitation, an influential and iconic modernist building designed by the Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1952. On the third floor is the gastronomic restaurant, Le Ventre de l'Architecte. On the roof is the contemporary gallery MaMo opened in 2013. The 19th-century Palais Longchamp, designed by Esperandieu, is located in the Parc Longchamp. Built on a grand scale, this italianate colonnaded building rises up behind a vast monumental fountain with cascading waterfalls. The jeux d'eau marks and masks the entry point of the Canal de Provence into Marseille. Its two wings house the Musée des Beaux-Arts and the Natural History Museum. The Docks de Marseille, a 19th-century warehouse transformed into offices. The Parc Borély, a park off the Bay of Marseille with the Jardin botanique E.M. Heckel, a botanical garden. The parc Chanot, an exhibition centre. The Pharo Gardens, a park with views of the Mediterranean and the Old Port. The Corniche, a picturesque waterfront road between the Old Port and the Bay of Marseille. The beaches at the Prado, Pointe Rouge, les Goudes, Callelongue, and Le prophète. Allauch[84] is a commune on the outskirts of Marseille with a magnificent view Marseille and the Mediterranean. The chapel Notre Dame du chateau has a unique collection of ex votos dating back to the 18th century. The 24, May 2014 Marseille have welcome an all new Shopping center called "Les Terrasses du Port" with a 1st floor of food, the 2nd of fashion and the 3rd only for famous things. There is a lot of commercial upgrounding in Marseille. The Château d'If The Calanques and Marseilleveyre, a wild mountainous coastal area of outstanding natural beauty accessible from Callelongue, Luminy, Sormiou, Morgiou and Cassis. The newly declared Calanques National Park became France's tenth national park in 2012.[85] The islands of the Frioul archipelago in the Bay of Marseille, accessible by ferry from the Old Port. The prison of Château d'If was one of the settings for The Count of Monte Cristo, the novel by Alexandre Dumas. The neighbouring islands of Ratonneau and Pomègues are joined by a man-made breakwater. The site of a former garrison and quarantine hospital, these islands are also of interest for their marine wildlife. Education and research This section uses abbreviations that may be confusing or ambiguous. Specific concerns may be found on the Talk page. Please improve this section if you can. (May 2012) Euromed in Luminy, near the Calanques of Sugiton and Morgiou A number of the faculties of the three universities that comprise Aix-Marseille University are located in Marseille: Université de Provence Aix-Marseille I Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille II Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III In addition Marseille has three grandes écoles: Ecole Centrale de Marseille part of Centrale Graduate School École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies Euromed Management—School of Management and Business The main French research bodies including the CNRS, INSERM and INRA are all well represented in Marseille. Scientific research is concentrated at several sites across the city, including Luminy, where there are institutes in developmental biology (the IBDML), immunology (CIML), marine sciences and neurobiology (INMED), at the CNRS Joseph Aiguier campus and at the Timone hospital site (known for work in microbiology). Marseille is also home to the headquarters of the IRD, which promotes research into questions affecting developing countries. Transport Motorways around Marseille International and regional transport Marseille Provence Airport, the fifth busiest in France. The city is served by an international airport, Marseille Provence Airport, located in Marignane. The airport is the fifth busiest French airport, and known the 4th most important European traffic growth in 2012.[86] From May 2013 the airport will be the only non-parisian French airport directly connected to America (New York). An extensive network of motorways connects Marseille to the north and west (A7), Aix-en-Provence in the north (A51), Toulon (A50) and the French Riviera (A8) to the east. Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles is Marseille's main railway station. It operates direct regional services to Aix-en-Provence, Briançon, Toulon, Avignon, Nice, Montpellier, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nantes, etc. Gare Saint-Charles is also one of the main terminal stations for the TGV in the south of France making Marseille reachable in three hours from Paris (a distance of over 750 km) and just over one and a half hours from Lyon. There are also direct TGV lines to Lille, Brussels, Nantes, Genève and Strasbourg. The new tramway Metro and tramway network There is a new long distance bus station adjacent to new modern extension to the Gare Saint-Charles with destinations mostly to other Bouches-du-Rhône towns, including buses to Aix-en-Provence, Cassis, La Ciotat and Aubagne. Marseille has a large ferry terminal, the Gare Maritime, with services to Corsica, Sardinia, Algeria and Tunisia. Public transport See also: Transportation in Marseille Marseille is connected by the Marseille Métro train system operated by the Régie des transports de Marseille (RTM). It consists of two lines: Line 1 (blue) between Castellane and La Rose opened in 1977 and Line 2 (red) between Sainte-Marguerite-Dromel and Bougainville opened between 1984 and 1987. An extension of the Line 1 from Castellane to La Timone was completed in 1992, another extension from La Timone to La Fourragère (2.5 km (1.6 mi) and 4 new stations) was opened in May 2010. The Métro system operates on a turnstile system, with tickets purchased at the nearby adjacent automated booths. Both lines of the Métro intersect at Gare Saint-Charles and Castellane. Three bus rapid transit lines are under construction to better connect the Métro to farther places (Castellane -> Luminy ; Capitaine Gèze – La Cabucelle -> Vallon des Tuves ; La Rose -> Château Gombert – Saint Jérome). An extensive bus network serves the city and suburbs of Marseille, with 104 lines and 633 buses. The two lines of the tramway,[87] opened in 2007, go from the CMA CGM Tower towards Les Caillols. As in many other French cities, a bike-sharing service nicknamed "Le vélo", free for trips of less than half an hour, was introduced by the city council in 2007.[88] A free ferry service operates between the two opposite quays of the Old Port. From 2011 ferry shuttle services operate between the Old Port and Pointe Rouge; in spring 2013 it will also run to l'Estaque.[89] There are also ferry services and boat trips available from the Old Port to Frioul, the Calanques and Cassis. Sport The Stade Vélodrome in Marseille. The city boasts a wide variety of sports facilities and teams. The most popular team is the city's football club, Olympique de Marseille, which was the finalist of the UEFA Champions League in 1991, before winning the competition in 1993. The club also became finalists of the UEFA Cup in both 1999 and 2004. The club had a history of success under then-owner Bernard Tapie. The club's home, the Stade Vélodrome, which can sit 60,000 people,also functions for other local sports, as well as the national rugby team. Stade Velodrome hosted a number of games during the 2007 Rugby World Cup. The local rugby teams are Marseille XIII and Marseille Vitrolles Rugby.[citation needed] Marseille is famous for its important pétanque activity, it is even renown as the pétanque capitale.[90] In 2012 Marseille hosted the Pétanque World Championship and the city hosts every year the Mondial la Marseillaise de pétanque, the main pétanque competition. Match Race France 2008 Sailing is a major sport in Marseille. The wind conditions allow regattas in the warm waters of the Mediterranean.[citation needed] Throughout most seasons of the year it can be windy while the sea remains smooth enough to allow sailing. Marseille has been the host of 8 (2010) Match Race France events which are part of the World Match Racing Tour. The event draws the world's best sailing teams to Marseille. The identical supplied boats (J Boats J-80 racing yachts) are raced two at a time in an on the water dogfight which tests the sailors and skippers to the limits of their physical abilities. Points accrued count towards the World Match Racing Tour and a place in the final event, with the overall winner taking the title ISAF World Match Racing Tour Champion. Match racing is an ideal sport for spectators in Marseille, as racing in close proximity to the shore provides excellent views. The city was also considered as a possible venue for 2007 America's Cup.[91] Marseille is also a place for other water sports such as windsurfing and powerboating. Marseille has three golf courses. The city has dozens of gyms and several public swimming pools. Running is also popular in many of Marseille's parks such as Le Pharo and Le Jardin Pierre Puget. An annual footrace is held between the city and neighbouring Cassis: the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale.[citation needed] Personalities See also: List of people from Marseille Honoré Daumier: Sunday at the Museum Memorial to Eliane Plewman in Dachau concentration camp Edmond Rostand Jessica Fox Marseille was the birthplace of: Pytheas (fl. 4th century BC), Greek merchant, geographer and explorer Petronius (fl. 1st century AD), Roman novelist and satirist Antonin Artaud (1897–1948), author Ariane Ascaride (born 1954), actress César Baldaccini (1921–1998), sculptor Maurice Béjart (1927–2007), ballet choreographer Pierre Demours (1702–1795), physician Jean-Henri Gourgaud, aka. "Dugazon" (1746–1809), actor Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès (1767–1846), geographer, author and translator Désirée Clary (1777–1860), wife of King Carl XIV Johan of Sweden, and therefore Queen Desirée or Queen Desideria of Sweden Sabin Berthelot (1794–1880), naturalist and ethnologist Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877), first president of the Third Republic Étienne Joseph Louis Garnier-Pages (1801–1841), politician Honoré Daumier (1808–1879), caricaturist and painter Joseph Autran (1813–1877), poet Charles-Joseph-Eugene de Mazenod (1782–1861), bishop of Marseille and Founder of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. Lucien Petipa (1815–1898), ballet dancer Joseph Mascarel (1816–1899), mayor of Los Angeles Louis Nattero (fr), (1870–1915), painter Marius Petipa (1818–1910), ballet dancer and choreographer Ernest Reyer (1823–1909), opera composer and music critic Olivier Émile Ollivier (1825–1913), statesman Victor Maurel (1848–1923), French operatic baritone Joseph Pujol, aka. "Le Pétomane" (1857–1945), entertainer Pavlos Melas (1870–1904), Greek army officer Paul Mauriat (1925–2006), orchestra leader, composer Charles Fabry (1867–1945), physicist Edmond Rostand (1868–1918), poet and dramatist Vincent Scotto (1876–1952), guitarist, songwriter[92] Henri Fabre (1882–1984), aviator and inventor of the first seaplane Darius Milhaud (1892–1974), composer and teacher[93][94] Berty Albrecht (1893–1943), French Resistance, Croix de Guerre Henri Tomasi (1901–1971), composer and conductor Zino Francescatti (1902–1991), violinist Fernandel (1903–1971), actor Marie-Madeleine Fourcade (1909–1989), French Resistance, Commander of the Légion d'honneur Éliane Browne-Bartroli (Eliane Plewman, 1917–1944), French Resistance, Croix de Guerre Louis Jourdan (born 1921), actor Jean-Pierre Rampal (1922–2000), flûtiste Alice Colonieu, (1924–2010), ceramist Régine Crespin (1927–2007), opera singer André di Fusco (1932–2001), known as André Pascal, song writer, composer Henry de Lumley (born 1934), archaeologist Sacha Sosno (born 1937), sculptor Jean-Pierre Ricard (born 1944), cardinal, archbishop of Bordeaux Georges Chappe (born 1944), cyclist Jean-Claude Izzo (1945–2000), author Jessica Fox (born 1994), French-born Australian slalom canoer, Olympic silver (K-1 slalom), world championships bronze (C-1)[95] Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi (born 1961), world champion slalom canoer Eric Cantona (born 1966), Manchester United and French national team football player Patrick Fiori (born 1969), singer Marc Panther (born 1970), member of the popular Japanese rock band globe Zinedine Zidane (born 1972), professional football player and former captain of the France national football team Romain Barnier (born 1976), freestyle swimmer Sébastien Grosjean (born 1978), tennis player Mathieu Flamini (born 1984), football player Rémy Di Gregorio (born 1985), cyclist Samir Nasri (born 1987), football player The following personalities died in Marseille: File:1934-10-17 King Alexander Assassination.ogv Newsreel showing the murder of King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou in Marseille (October 1934). Blessed Antoine Frédéric Ozanam on 8 September 1853. French poet Arthur Rimbaud on 10 November 1891. Brice Meuleman, 2nd Catholic Archbishop of Calcutta, on 15 July 1924. King Alexander I of Yugoslavia was assassinated on 9 October 1934 in Marseille along with French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou. International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France Twin towns and sister cities Marseille is currently officially twinned with 13 cities:[96] Ivory Coast Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Belgium Antwerp, Belgium Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark Senegal Dakar, Senegal Italy Genoa, Italy United Kingdom Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom Israel Haifa, Israel Germany Hamburg, Germany Japan Kobe, Japan[97] Morocco Marrakech, Morocco Ukraine Odessa, Ukraine Greece Piraeus, Greece[98] China Shanghai, China Armenia Yerevan, Armenia, since 1992[99][100] Partner cities In addition Marseille has signed various types of formal agreements of cooperation with 31 cities all over the world:[101] Morocco Agadir, Morocco Egypt Alexandria, Egypt Algeria Algiers, Algeria Mali Bamako, Mali Spain Barcelona, Spain Lebanon Beirut, Lebanon South Africa Cape Town, South Africa Morocco Casablanca, Morocco Poland Gdańsk, Poland, since 1992[102] United Kingdom Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom Turkey Istanbul, Turkey. Turkey İzmit, Turkey Israel Jerusalem, Israel Cyprus Limassol, Cyprus[103] Togo Lomé, Togo France Lyon, France Morocco Meknes, Morocco Uruguay Montevideo, Uruguay Chad N'Djamena, Chad France Nice, France France Nîmes, France Russia Nizhnevartovsk, Russia Morocco Rabat, Morocco Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina Russia Saratov, Russia[104] Tunisia Sousse, Tunisia Greece Thessaloniki, Greece[98] Albania Tirana, Albania[105] Libya Tripoli, Libya Tunisia Tunis, Tunisia Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia |
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