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Main category: Nesosilicates Nesosilicates (from Greek νησος nēsos, island), or orthosilicates, have isolated (insular) [SiO4]4− tetrahedra that are connected only by interstitial cations. Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.A Phenakite group Phenakite - Be2SiO4 Willemite - Zn2SiO4 Olivine group Forsterite - Mg2SiO4 Fayalite - Fe2SiO4 Tephroite - Mn2SiO4 Garnet group Pyrope - Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 Almandine - Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 Spessartine - Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 Grossular - Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 Andradite - Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3 Uvarovite - Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 Hydrogrossular - Ca3Al2Si2O8(SiO4)3-m(OH)4m Zircon group Zircon - ZrSiO4 Thorite - (Th,U)SiO4 Kyanite crystals (unknown scale) Al2SiO5 group Andalusite - Al2SiO5 Kyanite - Al2SiO5 Sillimanite - Al2SiO5 Dumortierite - Al6.5-7BO3(SiO4)3(O,OH)3 Topaz - Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 Staurolite - Fe2Al9(SiO4)4(O,OH)2 Humite group - (Mg,Fe)7(SiO4)3(F,OH)2 Norbergite - Mg3(SiO4)(F,OH)2 Chondrodite - Mg5(SiO4)2(F,OH)2 Humite - Mg7(SiO4)3(F,OH)2 Clinohumite - Mg9(SiO4)4(F,OH)2 Datolite - CaBSiO4(OH) Titanite - CaTiSiO5 Chloritoid - (Fe,Mg,Mn)2Al4Si2O10(OH)4 Mullite (aka Porcelainite) - Al6Si2O13 Sorosilicates Sorosilicate exhibit at Museum of Geology in South Dakota Main category: Sorosilicates Sorosilicates (from Greek σωρός sōros, heap, mound) have isolated double tetrahedra groups with (Si2O7)6− or a ratio of 2:7. Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.B Hemimorphite (calamine) - Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O Lawsonite - CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O Ilvaite - CaFe2+2Fe3+O(Si2O7)(OH) Epidote group (has both (SiO4)4− and (Si2O7)6− groups) Epidote - Ca2(Al,Fe)3O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH) Zoisite - Ca2Al3O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH) Clinozoisite - Ca2Al3O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH) Tanzanite - Ca2Al3O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH) Allanite - Ca(Ce,La,Y,Ca)Al2(Fe2+,Fe3+)O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH) Dollaseite-(Ce) - CaCeMg2AlSi3O11F(OH) Vesuvianite (idocrase) - Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(SiO4)5(Si2O7)2(OH)4 Cyclosilicates Cyclosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology, South Dakota Main category: Cyclosilicates Cyclosilicates (from Greek κύκλος kuklos, circle), or ring silicates, have linked tetrahedra with (TxO3x)2x- or a ratio of 1:3. These exist as 3-member (T3O9)6- and 6-member (T6O18)12- rings, where T stands for a tetrahedrally coordinated cation. Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.C 3-member ring Benitoite - BaTi(Si3O9) 6-member ring Axinite - (Ca,Fe,Mn)3Al2(BO3)(Si4O12)(OH) Beryl/Emerald - Be3Al2(Si6O18) Cordierite - (Mg,Fe)2Al3(Si5AlO18) Tourmaline - (Na,Ca)(Al,Li,Mg)3-(Al,Fe,Mn)6(Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)4 Note that the ring in axinite contains two B and four Si tetrahedra and is highly distorted compared to the other 6-member ring cyclosilicates. Cyclosilicate, [Si6O18]- 6-membered single rings, beryl (red: Si, blue: O) Cyclosilicate, [Si3O9]- 3-membered single ring, benitoite Cyclosilicate, [Si4O12]- 4-membered single ring, papagoite Cyclosilicate, [Si9O27]- 9-membered ring, eudialyte Cyclosilicate, [Si6O18]- 6-membered double ring, milarite Inosilicates Main category: Inosilicates Inosilicates (from Greek ις is [genitive: ινος inos], fibre), or chain silicates, have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with either SiO3, 1:3 ratio, for single chains or Si4O11, 4:11 ratio, for double chains. Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.D Single chain inosilicates Pyroxene group Enstatite - orthoferrosilite series Enstatite - MgSiO3 Ferrosilite - FeSiO3 Pigeonite - Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)1.75Si2O6 Diopside - hedenbergite series Diopside - CaMgSi2O6 Hedenbergite - CaFeSi2O6 Augite - (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6 Sodium pyroxene series Jadeite - NaAlSi2O6 Aegirine (Acmite) - NaFe3+Si2O6 Spodumene - LiAlSi2O6 Pyroxenoid group Wollastonite - CaSiO3 Rhodonite - MnSiO3 Pectolite - NaCa2(Si3O8)(OH) Double chain inosilicates Amphibole group Anthophyllite - (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 Cumingtonite series Cummingtonite - Fe2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 Grunerite - Fe7Si8O22(OH)2 Tremolite series Tremolite - Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 Actinolite - Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2 Hornblende - (Ca,Na)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5Si6(Al,Si)2O22(OH)2 Sodium amphibole group Glaucophane - Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2 Riebeckite (asbestos) - Na2Fe2+3Fe3+2Si8O22(OH)2 Arfvedsonite - Na3(Fe,Mg)4FeSi8O22(OH)2 Inosilicate, pyroxene family, with 2-periodic single chain (Si2O6), diopside Inosilicate, clinoamphibole, with 2-periodic double chains (Si4O11), tremolite Inosilicate, unbranched 3-periodic single chain of wollastonite Inosilicate with 5-periodic single chain, rhodonite Inosilicate with cyclic branched 8-periodic chain, pellyite Phyllosilicates Main category: Phyllosilicates Phyllosilicates (from Greek φύλλον phyllon, leaf), or sheet silicates, form parallel sheets of silicate tetrahedra with Si2O5 or a 2:5 ratio. Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.E. All phyllosilicate minerals are hydrated, with either water or hydroxyl groups attached. Kaolin Serpentine group Antigorite - Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 Chrysotile - Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 Lizardite - Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 Clay mineral group Halloysite - Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Kaolinite - Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Illite - (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)] Montmorillonite - (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O Vermiculite - (MgFe,Al)3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2·4H2O Talc - Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Palygorskite - (Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)·4(H2O) Pyrophyllite - Al2Si4O10(OH)2 Mica group Biotite - K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3)O10(OH)2 Muscovite - KAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2 Phlogopite - KMg3(AlSi3)O10(OH)2 Lepidolite - K(Li,Al)2-3(AlSi3)O10(OH)2 Margarite - CaAl2(Al2Si2)O10(OH)2 Glauconite - (K,Na)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 Chlorite group Chlorite - (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2•(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6 Phyllosilicate, mica group, muscovite (red: Si, blue: O) Phyllosilicate, single net of tetrahedra with 4-membered rings, apophyllite-(KF)-apophyllite-(KOH) series Phyllosilicate, single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings, pyrosmalite-(Fe)-pyrosmalite-(Mn) series Phyllosilicate, single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings, zeophyllite Phyllosilicate, double nets with 4- and 6-membered rings, carletonite Tectosilicates Main category: Tectosilicates Tectosilicates, or "framework silicates," have a three-dimensional framework of silicate tetrahedra with SiO2 or a 1:2 ratio. This group comprises nearly 75% of the crust of the Earth. Tectosilicates, with the exception of the quartz group, are aluminosilicates. Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.F and 09.G, 04.DA (Quartz/ silica family) Quartz Lunar Ferroan Anorthosite #60025 (Plagioclase Feldspar). Collected by Apollo 16 from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes Crater. Quartz group Quartz - SiO2 Tridymite - SiO2 Cristobalite - SiO2 Coesite - SiO2 Feldspar family Alkali-feldspars (potassium-feldspars) Microcline - KAlSi3O8 Orthoclase - KAlSi3O8 Anorthoclase - (Na,K)AlSi3O8 Sanidine - KAlSi3O8 Albite - NaAlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspars Albite - NaAlSi3O8 Oligoclase - (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (Na:Ca 4:1) Andesine - (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (Na:Ca 3:2) Labradorite - (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (Na:Ca 2:3) Bytownite - (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (Na:Ca 1:4) Anorthite - CaAl2Si2O8 Feldspathoid family Nosean - Na8Al6Si6O24(SO4) Cancrinite - Na6Ca2(CO3,Al6Si6O24).2H2O Leucite - KAlSi2O6 Nepheline - (Na,K)AlSiO4 Sodalite - Na8(AlSiO4)6Cl2 Hauyne - (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6(O,S)24(SO4,Cl)1-2 Lazurite - (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)2 Petalite - LiAlSi4O10 Scapolite group Marialite - Na4(AlSi3O8)3(Cl2,CO3,SO4) Meionite - Ca4(Al2Si2O8)3(Cl2CO3,SO4) Analcime - NaAlSi2O6•H2O Zeolite family Natrolite - Na2Al2Si3O10•2H2O Chabazite - CaAl2Si4O12•6H2O Heulandite - CaAl2Si7O18•6H2O Stilbite - NaCa2Al5Si13O36•17H2O Scolecite - CaAl2Si3O10.3H2O Mordenite - (Ca,Na2,K2)Al2Si10O24•7H2O The silicate minerals make up the largest and most important class of rock-forming minerals, constituting approximately 90 percent of the crust of the Earth. They are classified based on the structure of their silicate group which contain different ratios of silicon and oxygen. |
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