|
Film directors create an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized.[3] Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of film production, as well as directing the shooting timetable and meeting deadlines.[4] This entails organizing the film crew in such a way as to achieve his or her vision of the film.[5] [6] This requires skills of group leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful, fast-paced environment of a film set.[7] Moreover it is necessary to have an artistic eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew,[8] thus, excellent communication skills are a must.[9] Since the film director depends on the successful cooperation of many different creative individuals with possibly strongly contradicting artistic ideals and visions, he or she also needs to possess conflict resolution skills in order to mediate whenever necessary. [10] Thus the director ensures that all individuals involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film.[5] The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as "a multi-dimensional jigsaw puzzle with egos and weather thrown in for good measure".[11] It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when and how they will work again. [12] Omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget.[13] Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating.[14] Theoretically the sole superior of a director is the studio that is financing the film, [15] [3] however a poor working relationship between a film director and an actor could possibly result in the director being replaced if the actor is a major film star.[16] Even so, it is arguable that the director spends more time on a project than anyone else, considering that the director is one of the few positions that requires intimate involvement during every stage of film production. Thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one.[1] It has been said that "20-hour days are not unusual".[3] Under European Union law, the film director is considered the "author" or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory.[17] Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a film director's film reflects the director's personal creative vision, as if they were the primary "auteur" (the French word for "author"). In spite of—and sometimes even because of—the production of the film as part of an industrial process, the auteur's creative voice is distinct enough to shine through studio interference and the collective process. Career pathways Director Pedro Almodovar and actress Penélope Cruz Some film directors started as screenwriters, film editors or actors.[18] Other film directors have attended a film school to "get formal training and education in their craft". [19] Film students generally study the basic skills utilized in making a film. [20] This includes, for example, preparation, shot lists and storyboards, blocking, protocols of dealing with professional actors, and reading scripts.[21] Some film schools are equipped with sound stages and post-production facilities.[22] Besides basic technical and logistical skills, students also receive education on the nature of professional relationships that occur during film production.[23] A full degree course can be designed for up to five years of studying.[24] Future directors usually complete short films during their enrolment.[1] The National Film School of Denmark has the student's final projects presented on national TV. [25] Some film schools retain the rights for their students' works.[26] Many directors successfully prepared for making feature films by working in television.[27] The German Film and Television Academy Berlin consequently cooperates with the Berlin/Brandenburg TV station RBB (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting) and ARTE.[28] A handful of top directors made from $13 M to $257 M in 2011, such as James Cameron and Steven Spielberg. The average movie director makes a lot less. In May 2011, the average US film director made $92,220.[29] Characteristics Fritz Lang directing a movie Ingmar Bergman apparently examines an x-ray film, during work on Wild Strawberries. Different directors can vary immensely amongst themselves, under various characteristics. Several examples are:[citation needed] Those who outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue. Notable examples include Ingmar Bergman, Christopher Guest, Wong Kar-wai, Spike Lee, Wim Wenders, Mike Leigh, Barry Levinson, Jean-Luc Godard, Miklós Jancsó, Gus Van Sant, Judd Apatow, Terrence Malick, Jay and Mark Duplass, and occasionally Robert Altman, Joe Swanberg, Sergio Leone and Federico Fellini. Akira Kurosawa on the set in 1953 Those who control every aspect, and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely. Notable examples include David Lean, Akira Kurosawa, Steven Spielberg, Ridley Scott, Victor Fleming, James Cameron, George Lucas, Stanley Kubrick, Sidney Lumet, Andrew Bujalski, Christopher Nolan, David Fincher, Guillermo del Toro and Alfred Hitchcock. Those who write their own screenplays. Notable examples include Woody Allen, Werner Herzog, Alejandro Jodorowsky, John Cassavetes, Ingmar Bergman, Stanley Kubrick, Quentin Tarantino, James Cameron, George Lucas, J. F. Lawton, David Cronenberg, Charlie Chaplin, Billy Wilder, Ed Wood, David Lynch, the Coen brothers, Francis Ford Coppola, Sofia Coppola, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Pedro Almodóvar, John Hughes, Nick Park, Edward Burns, Kevin Smith, Todd Field, Cameron Crowe, Terrence Malick, Oren Peli, Eli Roth, Paul Thomas Anderson, Guillermo del Toro, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Oliver Stone, John Singleton, Spike Lee, Orson Welles, Akira Kurosawa, Hayao Miyazaki, M. Night Shyamalan, Paul Haggis, Billy Bob Thornton, James Wong, Tyler Perry, Robert Rodriguez, Christopher Nolan, George A. Romero, Sergio Leone, Satyajit Ray, Joss Whedon and David O. Russell. Steven Spielberg and Sidney J. Furie have written screenplays for a small number of their films. Those who collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners. Notable examples include Alejandro González Iñárritu and Guillermo Arriaga, Elia Kazan and Tennessee Williams, Terry Gilliam and Charles McKeown/Tony Grisoni, Wes Anderson and Owen Wilson/Noah Baumbach, Edgar Wright and Simon Pegg, Martin Scorsese and Nicholas Pileggi/Paul Schrader/Jay Cocks, Yasujirō Ozu and Kôgo Noda, Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor, Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, Luis Buñuel and Jean-Claude Carrière/Luis Alcoriza, Krzysztof Kieślowski/Krzysztof Piesiewicz, Frank Capra/Robert Riskin, Michelangelo Antonioni/Tonino Guerra, Billy Wilder/I.A.L. Diamond, Sergio Leone and Sergio Donati, Guillermo del Toro and Matthew Robbins, and Christopher Nolan/Jonathan Nolan/David S. Goyer. Those who edit their own films. Notable examples include Akira Kurosawa, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Cahill, Jean-Marc Vallée, Steven Soderbergh, David Lean, Don Coscarelli, Charlie Chaplin, Robert Rodriguez, James Cameron, Ed Wood, Gaspar Noe, Takeshi Kitano, John Woo, Andy Warhol, Shinya Tsukamoto, Kenneth Anger, Gregg Araki, Gus Van Sant, Xavier Dolan, Ben Wheatley, Kelly Reichardt, Leni Riefenstahl, Kevin Smith, Rodrigo Cortes, Joe Swanberg, Steve James, Doug Walker, Jafar Panahi and the Coen brothers . Those who shoot their own films. Notable examples include Nicolas Roeg, Mike Cahill, Peter Hyams, Steven Soderbergh, Joe Swanberg, Tony Kaye, Gaspar Noe, Gregg Araki, Robert Rodriguez, Don Coscarelli, Josef von Sternberg, Shinya Tsukamoto and Kenneth Anger. Those who appear in their films. Notable examples include Clint Eastwood, Orson Welles, Mel Gibson, Martin Scorsese, Peter Jackson, John Waters, John Carpenter, Spike Lee, Tyler Perry, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Kevin Costner, Kenneth Anger, Woody Allen, Jon Favreau, Quentin Tarantino, Eli Roth, Michael Bay, Mel Brooks, Ben Stiller, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Charlie Chaplin, Terry Jones, Edward Burns, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Sam Raimi, Roman Polanski, Billy Bob Thornton, Sylvester Stallone, M. Night Shyamalan, Harold Ramis, Robert De Niro, John Woo, Kevin Smith, Doug Walker, Warren Beatty, Takeshi Kitano, Kenneth Branagh and Ed Wood. Alfred Hitchcock, Abel Ferrara, Shawn Levy, Edgar Wright and Spike Jonze made cameo appearances in their films. Those who compose the music score for their films. Notable examples include Charlie Chaplin, Clint Eastwood, David Lynch, Alejandro Jodorowsky, John Carpenter, Mike Figgis, Alejandro Amenábar, Satyajit Ray, Robert Rodriguez, Tom Tykwer and Vishal Bhardwaj. Another way to categorize directors is by their membership in a "school" of filmmaking, such as the French New Wave, the British New Wave or the New Hollywood school of filmmakers. Professional organizations In the United States, directors usually belong to the Directors Guild of America. The Canadian equivalent is the Directors Guild of Canada. In the UK, directors usually belong to Directors UK or the Directors Guild of Great Britain. In Europe, FERA, the Federation of European Film Directors, represents 37 national directors' guilds in 30 countries. Notable individuals For each director, one notable film that they directed is given as an example of their work. The chosen film may be their film which won the highest awards or it may be one of their best-known movies. J.J. Abrams (Star Trek - 2009) Ben Affleck (Argo - 2012) Woody Allen (Annie Hall - 1977) Pedro Almodóvar (All About My Mother - 1999) Robert Altman (MASH - 1970) Lindsay Anderson (if.... - 1968) Michael Anderson (The Dam Busters - 1955) Paul Thomas Anderson (Boogie Nights - 1997) Wes Anderson (The Royal Tenenbaums - 2001) Theodoros Angelopoulos (Eternity and a Day - 1998) Jean-Jacques Annaud (The Name of the Rose - 1986) Sathyan Anthikad (Rasathanthram - 2006) Michelangelo Antonioni (L'Avventura - 1960) Judd Apatow (The 40-Year-Old Virgin - 2005) Andrea Arnold (Fish Tank - 2009) Dario Argento (Inferno - 1980) Darren Aronofsky (Black Swan - 2010) Dorothy Arzner (The Bride Wore Red - 1937) Richard Attenborough (Gandhi - 1982) Mario Bava (Lisa and the Devil - 1972) Michael Bay (Armageddon - 1998) Ingmar Bergman (Wild Strawberries - 1957) Bernardo Bertolucci (Last Tango in Paris - 1972) Kathryn Bigelow (The Hurt Locker - 2008) Brad Bird (Ratatouille - 2007) John Boorman (Deliverance - 1972) Danny Boyle (Slumdog Millionaire - 2008) Catherine Breillat (A Real Young Girl - 1976) Robert Bresson (Au Hasard Balthazar - 1966) Mel Brooks (Spaceballs - 1987) Tod Browning (Dracula - 1931) Luis Buñuel (Un Chien Andalou) - 1929) Tim Burton (Beetlejuice) - 1988) James Cameron (Titanic) - 1997) Jane Campion (The Piano - 1993) Frank Capra (It Happened One Night - 1934) John Carpenter (Halloween) - 1978) John Cassavetes (A Woman Under the Influence - 1974) Liliana Cavani (The Night Porter - 1974) Nuri Bilge Ceylan (Three Monkeys - 2008) Claude Chabrol (Madame Bovary - 1991) Charlie Chaplin (Modern Times - 1936) Michael Cimino (The Deer Hunter - 1978) Henri-Georges Clouzot (The Wages of Fear - 1953) Joel and Ethan Coen (Fargo - 1996) Chris Columbus (Home Alone - 1990) Francis Ford Coppola (The Godfather - 1972) Sofia Coppola (Lost in Translation - 2006) Roger Corman (Attack of the Crab Monsters - 1967) Wes Craven (A Nightmare on Elm Street - 1984) David Cronenberg (The Fly - 1986) Cameron Crowe (Jerry McGuire - 1996) Alfonso Cuarón (Gravity - 2013) Stephen Daldry (Billy Elliot - 2000) Joe Dante (Gremlins - 1984) Frank Darabont (The Shawshank Redemption - 1994) Dardenne Brothers (Rosetta - 1999) Julie Dash (Daughters of the Dust - 1992) Andrew Davis (The Fugitive - 1993) Jonathan Demme (The Silence of the Lambs - 1991) Guillermo del Toro (Pan's Labyrinth - 2006) Brian De Palma (Scarface - 1987) Vittorio De Sica (Bicycle Thieves - 1948) Andrew Dominik (The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford - 2007) Stanley Donen (Singin' in the Rain - 1952) Carl Theodor Dreyer (The Passion of Joan of Arc - 1928) Guru Dutt (Pyaasa - 1957) Clint Eastwood (Unforgiven - 1992) Sergei Eisenstein (Battleship Potemkin - 1925) Roland Emmerich (Independence Day - 1996) Nora Ephron (Sleepless in Seattle - 1993) Víctor Erice (The Quince Tree Sun - 1992) William Eubank (Love - 2011) Asghar Farhadi (A Separation - 2011) Rainer Werner Fassbinder (The Marriage of Maria Braun - 1979) Federico Fellini (Satyricon - 1969) Todd Field (Little Children - 2006) David Fincher (Fight Club - 1999) Victor Fleming (Gone With the Wind - 1939) John Ford (How Green Was My Valley - 1941) Miloš Forman (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest - 1975) John Frankenheimer (The Manchurian Candidate - 1962) William Friedkin ( The Exorcist - 1973) Lucio Fulci (City of the Living Dead - 1980) Samuel Fuller (The Naked Kiss - 1964) Ritwik Ghatak (Jukti Takko Aar Gappo - 1974) Lewis Gilbert (Educating Rita - 1983) Terry Gilliam (Brazil - 1985) Jean-Luc Godard (Breathless - 1960) Adoor Gopalakrishnan (Swayamvaram - 1972) D. W. Griffith (The Birth of a Nation - 1915) Michael Haneke (The White Ribbon - 2009) Catherine Hardwicke (Twilight - 2008) Renny Harlin (Die Hard 2 - 1990) Hal Hartley (Henry Fool - 1997) Howard Hawks (Gentlemen Prefer Blondes - 1953) Amy Heckerling (Fast Times at Ridgemont High - 1982) Werner Herzog (Fitzcarraldo - 1982) George Roy Hill (Slaughterhouse-Five - 1972) Walter Hill (48 Hrs. - 1982) Alfred Hitchcock (Psycho - 1960) Tobe Hooper (The Texas Chainsaw Massacre - 1974) Tom Hooper (The King's Speech - 2010) Ron Howard (A Beautiful Mind - 2001) John Hughes (Ferris Bueller's Day Off - 1986) John Huston (The Maltese Falcon - 1941) Kon Ichikawa (Fires on the Plain - 1959) Miklós Jancsó (The Red and the White - 1967) Peter Jackson (The Lord of the Rings - 2001-2003) Jim Jarmusch (Down by Law - 1986) Jean-Pierre Jeunet (Amelie - 2001) Norman Jewison (Fiddler on the Roof - 1971) Rian Johnson (Brick - 2005) Joe Johnston (Honey, I Shrunk the Kids - 1989) Chuck Jones (Gay Purr-ee - 1962) (Animation) Neil Jordan (The Crying Game - 1992) Wong Kar-wai (Chungking Express - 1994) Elia Kazan (A Streetcar Named Desire - 1951) Buster Keaton (Sidewalks of New York - 1931) Abbas Kiarostami (Taste of Cherry - 1997) Krzysztof Kieślowski (The Three Colors Trilogy - 1993-1994) Masaki Kobayashi (The Human Condition - 1959-1961) Stanley Kramer (Judgment at Nuremberg - 1961) Stanley Kubrick (2001: A Space Odyssey - 1968) Akira Kurosawa (Drunken Angel - 1948) Emir Kusturica (When Father Was Away on Business - 1985) Fritz Lang (Metropolis - 1927) John Lasseter (Toy Story 2 - 1999) David Lean (Lawrence of Arabia - 1962) Ang Lee (Brokeback Mountain - 2005) Spike Lee (Do the Right Thing - 1990) Mike Leigh (Naked - 1993) Sergio Leone (The Good, the Bad and the Ugly - 1966) Barry Levinson (Rain Man - 1988) Ken Loach (Kes - 1969) Joseph Losey (Monsieur Klein - 1976) George Lucas (Star Wars - 1977) Sidney Lumet (Dog Day Afternoon - 1975) Ernst Lubitsch (Heaven Can Wait - 1943) David Lynch (Mulholland Dr. - 2001) Kevin Macdonald (The Last King of Scotland - 2006) Maria Maggenti (Puccini for Beginners - 2006) Samira Makhmalbaf (At Five in the Afternoon - 2003) Terrence Malick (The Tree of Life - 1973) Louis Malle (Au Revoir, les Enfants - 1987) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (Guys and Dolls - 1955) Michael Mann (Heat - 1995) Rob Marshall (Chicago - 2002) Steve McQueen (12 Years a Slave - 2013) Deepa Mehta (Midnight's Children - 2012) Georges Méliès (A Trip to the Moon - 1902) Sam Mendes (American Beauty - 1999) Márta Mészáros (Diary for my Children - 1984) Takashi Miike (Ichi the Killer - 2001) Anthony Minghella (The English Patient - 1996) Hayao Miyazaki (Spirited Away - 2001) Kenji Mizoguchi (Ugetsu - 1953) Mario Monicelli (Rossini! Rossini! - 1991) Michael Moore (Fahrenheit 9/11 - 2004) F. W. Murnau (4 Devils - 1928) Mira Nair (Salaam Bombay! - 1988) Christopher Nolan (The Dark Knight - 2008) Frank Oz (Little Shop of Horrors (film) - 1986) Yasujirō Ozu (Tokyo Story - 1953) Padmarajan (Aparan - 1988) Park Chan-Wook (Oldboy - 2003) Sergei Parajanov (The Color of Pomegranates - 1968) Alan Parker (Midnight Express - 1978) Sam Peckinpah (The Wild Bunch - 1969) Arthur Penn (Bonnie and Clyde - 1967) Sean Penn (The Pledge - 2001) Dadasaheb Phalke (Gangavataran - 1937) Roman Polanski (Chinatown - 1974) Sally Potter (The Man Who Cried - 2000) Otto Preminger (Anatomy of a Murder - 1959) Powell and Pressburger (The Red Shoes - 1948) Sam Raimi (The Evil Dead - 1981) Harold Ramis (Groundhog Day - 1993) Mani Ratnam (Nayakan - 1987) Nicholas Ray (Rebel Without a Cause - 1955) Satyajit Ray (The Apu Trilogy - 1955-1959) Rob Reiner (This Is Spinal Tap - 1984) Ivan Reitman (Ghostbusters - 1984) Jason Reitman (Up in the Air - 2009) Jean Renoir (La Grand Illusion - 1937) Alain Resnais (Last Year at Marienbad - 1961) Leni Riefenstahl (Triumph of the Will - 1935) Éric Rohmer (Pauline at the Beach - 1983) George A. Romero (Night of the Living Dead - 1968) Roberto Rossellini (Rome, Open City - 1945) Eli Roth (Hostel - 2005) Bimal Roy (Do Bigha Zamin - 1953) John Sayles (The Secret of Roan Inish - 1994) Franklin J. Schaffner (Patton - 1970) Volker Schlöndorff (The Tin Drum - 1979) Ettore Scola (Le Bal - 1983) Martin Scorsese (Taxi Driver - 1976) Ridley Scott (Blade Runner - 1982) Tony Scott (Top Gun - 1986) Shankar (Indian - 1996) V. Shantaram (Do Aankhen Barah Haath - 1958) M. Night Shyamalan (The Sixth Sense - 1999) Don Siegel (Dirty Harry - 1971) Bryan Singer (The Usual Suspects - 1995) Robert Siodmak (The Killers - 1946) Kevin Smith (Clerks - 1994) John Singleton (Boyz n the Hood - 1991) Steven Soderbergh (Ocean's Eleven - 2001) Paolo Sorrentino (Il Divo - 2008) Steven Spielberg (Jaws - 1975) Sylvester Stallone (Rocky II - 1979) George Stevens (Giant - 1956) Oliver Stone (Natural Born Killers - 1994) John Sturges (The Great Escape - 1963) Preston Sturges (The Great McGinty - 1940) István Szabó (Mephisto - 1981) Quentin Tarantino (Pulp Fiction - 1994) Andrei Tarkovsky (Solaris - 1972) Bela Tarr (Satantango - 1994) Jiří Trnka (Old Czech Legends - 1953) Giuseppe Tornatore (The Legend of 1900 - 1998) Jacques Tourneur (Cat People - 1942) François Truffaut (The 400 Blows - 1959) Jon Turteltaub (National Treasure - 2004) Agnès Varda (The Beaches of Agnes - 2008) Gore Verbinski (Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl - 2003) Paul Verhoeven (Robocop - 1987) King Vidor (The Champ - 1931) Luchino Visconti (The Leopard - 1963) Lars von Trier (Antichrist - 2009) The Wachowskis (The Matrix - 1999) James Wan (Saw - 2004) Marc Webb ((500) Days of Summer - 2009) Peter Weir (Picnic at Hanging Rock - 1975) Orson Welles (Citizen Kane - 1941) Wim Wenders (Paris, Texas - 1984) James Whale (Frankenstein - 1931) Joss Whedon (The Avengers - 2012) Robert Wiene (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari - 1920) Billy Wilder (The Apartment - 1960) Robert Wise (West Side Story - 1961) Ed Wood (Plan 9 From Outer Space - 1959) Edgar Wright (Shaun of the Dead - 2004) Joe Wright (Atonement - 2007) William Wyler (Ben-Hur - 1959) Edward Yang (Yi Yi: A One and a Two - 2000) David Yates (Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - 2007) Peter Yates (Bullitt - 1968) Zhang Yimou (To Live - 1994) Karel Zeman (The Fabulous Baron Munchausen - 1961) Robert Zemeckis (Back to the Future - 1985) Mai Zetterling (Loving Couples - 1964) Fred Zinnemann (From Here to Eternity - 1953) A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a film's artistic and dramatic aspects, and visualizes the script while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision.[1] The director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. [2] In some European countries, the director is viewed as the author of the film. The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and create an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay in the boundaries of the films budget. There are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, film editors or actors. Other film directors have attended a film school. Directors use different approaches. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue, while others control every aspect, and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners. Some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. |
About us|Jobs|Help|Disclaimer|Advertising services|Contact us|Sign in|Website map|Search|
GMT+8, 2015-9-11 21:09 , Processed in 0.151178 second(s), 16 queries .
