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Several indexes exist that attempt to measure innovation include: The Innovation Index, developed by the Indiana Business Research Center, to measure innovation capacity at the county or regional level in the United States.[34] The State Technology and Science Index, developed by the Milken Institute is a U.S.-wide benchmark to measure the science and technology capabilities that furnish high paying jobs based around key components. The Oslo Manual is focused on North America, Europe, and other rich economies. The Bogota Manual, similar to the above, focuses on Latin America and the Caribbean countries. The Creative Class developed by Richard Florida The Innovation Capacity Index (ICI) published by a large number of international professors working in a collaborative fashion. The top scorers of ICI 2009–2010 being: 1. Sweden 82.2; 2. Finland 77.8; and 3. United States 77.5. The Global Innovation Index is a global index measuring the level of innovation of a country, produced jointly by The Boston Consulting Group (BCG), the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), and The Manufacturing Institute (MI), the NAM's nonpartisan research affiliate. NAM describes it as the "largest and most comprehensive global index of its kind". The INSEAD Global Innovation Index The INSEAD Innovation Efficacy Index The NYCEDC Innovation Index The Management Innovation Index - Model for Managing Intangibility of Organizational Creativity: Management Innovation Index A peer reviewed article can be found on the Management Innovation Index in Model for Managing Intangibility of Organizational Creativity: Management Innovation Index Global Innovation Index[edit] Ambox current red.svg This article is outdated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2011) This international innovation index is one of many research studies that try to build a ranking of countries related to innovation. Other indexes are the Innovations Indikator, Innovation Union Scoreboard, EIU Innovation Ranking, BCG International Innovation Index, Global Competitiveness Report, World Competitiveness Scoreboard, ITIF Index. The Global Innovation Index looks at both the business outcomes of innovation and government's ability to encourage and support innovation through public policy. The study comprised a survey of more than 1,000 senior executives from NAM member companies across all industries; in-depth interviews with 30 of the executives; and a comparison of the "innovation friendliness" of 110 countries and all 50 U.S. states. The findings are published in the report, "The Global Innovation Index 2013".[35] The report discusses not only country performance but also what companies are doing and should be doing to spur innovation. It looks at new policy indicators for innovation, including tax incentives and policies for immigration, education and intellectual property. The latest index was published in 2013.[35] To rank the countries, the study measured both innovation inputs and outputs. Innovation inputs included government and fiscal policy, education policy and the innovation environment. Outputs included patents, technology transfer, and other R&D results; business performance, such as labor productivity and total shareholder returns; and the impact of innovation on business migration and economic growth. The following is a list of the top 20 countries for innovation, as ranked by the Global Innovation Index (by overall score): Rank Country Overall score Innovation Input Innovation Output Efficiency Ratio 1 Switzerland 66.59 66.52 66.65 1.0 2 Sweden 61.36 67.86 54.86 0.81 3 United Kingdom 61.25 68.20 54.30 0.80 4 Netherlands 61.14 64.18 58.09 0.91 5 United States of America 60.31 69.19 51.42 0.74 6 Finland 59.51 66.67 52.35 0.79 7 Hong Kong 59.43 70.65 48.21 0.68 8 Singapore 59.41 72.27 46.56 0.64 9 Denmark 58.34 66.34 50.35 0.76 10 Ireland 57.91 64.09 51.73 0.81 11 Canada 57.60 64.76 50.45 0.78 12 Luxembourg 56.57 59.95 53.20 0.89 13 Iceland 56.40 59.65 53.14 0.89 14 Israel 55.98 59.82 52.14 0.87 15 Germany 55.83 59.78 51.88 0.87 16 Norway 55.64 63.39 47.88 0.76 17 New Zealand 54.46 62.76 46.15 0.74 18 South Korea 53.31 62.10 44.53 0.72 19 Australia 53.07 64.15 41.99 0.65 20 France 52.83 59.03 46.64 0.79 Slowing of innovation[edit] Jonathan Huebner, a physicist working at the Pentagon's Naval Air Warfare Center, argued on the basis of both U.S. patents and world technological breakthroughs, per capita, that the rate of human technological innovation peaked in 1873 and has been slowing ever since.[36] In his article, he asked "Will the level of technology reach a maximum and then decline as in the Dark Ages?"[36] In later comments to New Scientist magazine, Huebner clarified that while he believed that we will reach a rate of innovation in 2024 equivalent to that of the Dark Ages, he was not predicting the reoccurrence of the Dark Ages themselves.[37] His paper received some mainstream news coverage at the time.[38] The claim has been met with criticism by John Smart, founder of the Acceleration Studies Foundation, who asserted that research by technological singularity researcher Ray Kurzweil and others showed a "clear trend of acceleration, not deceleration" when it came to innovations.[39] However, in 2010, Joseph A. Tainter, Deborah Strumsky, and José Lobo confirmed Huebner's findings using U.S. Patent Office data.[40] |
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