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Early civilizations[edit] Further information: Prehistory and Cradle of Civilization Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory: the Fertile Crescent (11,000 BP), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9000 BP) and the New Guinea Highlands (9000–6000 BP), Central Mexico (5000–4000 BP), Northern South America (5000–4000 BP), sub-Saharan Africa (5000–4000 BP, exact location unknown), eastern USA (4000–3000 BP).[23] The Neolithic Era[edit] Main article: Neolithic The process of sedentarization is first thought to have occurred around 12,000 BCE in the Levant region of southwest Asia though other regions around the world soon followed. The emergence of civilization is generally associated with the Neolithic, or Agricultural Revolution, which occurred in various locations between 8,000 and 5,000 BCE, specifically in southwestern/southern Asia, northern/central Africa and Central America.[24] This revolution marked the beginning of stable agriculture and animal domestication which enabled economies and cities to develop. The Bronze Age[edit] Main article: Bronze Age Bronze Age South Asia Indus Valley Civilization Ancient Near East Mesopotamia Levant / Canaan Bronze Age Anatolia / Aegean Bronze Age Europe Aegean Civilizations Minoan Civilization Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age China Africa Ancient Egypt Ancient Ethiopia (D'mt) Ancient Somalia (Punt) Pre-Columbian Americas Norte Chico / Caral Olmec Zapotec civilization The Iron Age[edit] Main article: Iron Age The Iron Age is the period generally occurring after the Bronze Age, marked by the prevalent use of iron. The early period of the age is characterized by the widespread use of iron or steel. The adoption of such material coincided with other changes in society, including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles. The Iron Age as an archaeological term indicates the condition as to civilization and culture of a people using iron as the material for their cutting tools and weapons.[25] The Iron Age is the third principal period of the three-age system created by Christian Thomsen (1788–1865) for classifying ancient societies and prehistoric stages of progress.[26] Karl Jaspers, the German historical philosopher, proposed that the ancient civilizations were affected greatly by an Axial Age in the period between 800 BCE–200 BCE during which a series of male sages, prophets, religious reformers and philosophers, from China, India, Iran, Israel and Greece, changed the direction of civilizations.[27] William Hardy McNeill proposed that this period of history was one in which culture contact between previously separate civilizations saw the "closure of the oecumene", and led to accelerated social change from China to the Mediterranean, associated with the spread of coinage, larger empires and new religions. This view has recently been championed by Christopher Chase-Dunn and other world systems theorists. Mediterranean civilizations Etruscans Mediterranean civilizations of the Classical Period Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Hellenistic civilization Middle Eastern civilizations Persia since the Achaemenids Second Temple Judaism South Asian civilizations Vedic India East Asia civilizations Ancient China, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty, (Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty) Eurasian civilizations Ancient Nomads, Scythia, (Xiongnu, Huns, Kok Turk Empire) Africa Kush Axum Nok Medieval to Early Modern[edit] Further information: Middle Ages and Early Modern period Further information: Hinduism, Spread of Buddhism, Spread of Islam, and Age of Discovery Christendom Western Christianity Eastern Christianity Islamic World Islamic Golden Age Caliphate Somalia Adal Sultanate Ajuuraan Empire Warsangali Empire Mongol-Turkish (Ilkhanate, Timurid Empire) Mughal India Ottoman Empire Asia Chola Empire, Tamilnadu, India Pandya Empire, Tamilnadu, India Chera Kingdom, Tamilnadu, India Pallava Kingdom, Tamilnadu, India Sui China Tang China Song China Goryeo Korea Mongol Empire (Yuan) Ming China Feudal Japan Confucian Vietnam Southeast Asia Funan, Chenla, Champa, Anghor Cambodia Dvaravati, Hariphunchai, Sukhothai, Ayutthaya Kingdom, pre Modern Thailand Pagan Burma Philippine Classical Period Sri Vijaya, Sailendra, Mataram and Majapahit Mesomerican civilizations Toltec Aztec civilization Maya civilization Andean civilizations Chimor Kingdom of Cusco/Inca Empire Aymara African civilizations Wagadou Mali Empire Songhai Empire Ashanti Empire Abyssinia Benin Empire Modernity[edit] Further information: Modernity Further information: cultural bloc, Major world religions, world language, and The Clash of Civilizations Western world Western Europe North America South America Australia and New Zealand Intermediate Region Eastern Europe Arab world Iranian world Israel Turkic world Eastern world East Asia China Japan Korea South Asia Southeast Asia Malay world Philippines Sub-Saharan Africa |
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