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For centuries exorcisms have been controversially argued due to the moral beliefs of an individual.[24][25] Neurosurgical Exorcisms, otherwise known as psychosurgeries, have in the past offered treatments for demonic possessed individuals and later used for intractable mental illnesses.[25] Invented by António Egas Moniz, these surgeries were performed by different neurologist throughout the 1900s and were later termed lobotomies.[26] American neurologist, Walter Freeman, later revolutionized lobotomies with his invention of the ice-pick procedure making it easier for psychosurgeries to be done quicker and at less expense.[25] Tactics such as these, were introduced as a quest to rid the world of mental illnesses or in past times removal of demons from the soul.[26] These procedures have been deemed unethical, within the public imagination, the terms lobotomy and psychotherapy evoke frightful images of sadistic doctors, zombie patients, mind control, and institutional brutality.[27] For medical professionals, theses terms are reminders of an era with a lack of review boards, uncontrolled clinical trial, and uncodified biomedical ethics.[27] Although practices of lobotomies in majority of the world have disappeared, psychosurgeries have still yet to be abandoned as a last resort therapy for mental illnesses. Opinions have testified exorcisms to be a form of psychotherapy, and psychotherapy to really be a form of exorcism.[28] Psychosurgeries in essence touch on normal emotion, response and functioning as the essence and integrity of the individual.The intuitive objection to the pre-frontal lobotomy was that it permanently and irreversibly affected or diminished normal human functioning of the individual by destroying healthy brain tissue.[24] The outcomes of such procedures being permanent, ethically raise issues with families dealing with the change, the voluntary or involuntary consent of the patient, and the ability of the doctor to make a decision that will generate a benefit rather than a cost to his patient.[24] |
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