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High self-esteem Pyramid of Maslow. People with a healthy level of self-esteem:[29] Firmly believe in certain values and principles, and are ready to defend them even when finding opposition, feeling secure enough to modify them in light of experience.[15] Are able to act according to what they think to be the best choice, trusting their own judgment, and not feeling guilty when others do not like their choice.[15] Do not lose time worrying excessively about what happened in the past, nor about what could happen in the future. They learn from the past and plan for the future, but live in the present intensely.[15] Fully trust in their capacity to solve problems, not hesitating after failures and difficulties. They ask others for help when they need it.[15] Consider themselves equal in dignity to others, rather than inferior or superior, while accepting differences in certain talents, personal prestige or financial standing.[15] Take for granted that they are an interesting and valuable person for others, at least for those with whom they have a friendship.[15] Resist manipulation, collaborate with others only if it seems appropriate and convenient.[15] Admit and accept different internal feelings and drives, either positive or negative, revealing those drives to others only when they choose.[15] Are able to enjoy a great variety of activities.[15] Are sensitive to feelings and needs of others; respect generally accepted social rules, and claim no right or desire to prosper at others' expense.[15] Can work toward finding solutions and voice discontent without belittling themselves or others when challenges arise.[30] Secure vs. defensive A person can have a high self-esteem and hold it confidently where they do not need reassurance from others to maintain their positive self view, whereas others with defensive, high self-esteem may still report positive self-evaluations on the Rosenberg Scale, as all high self-esteem individuals do; however, their positive self-views are fragile and vulnerable to criticism. Defensive high self-esteem individuals internalize subconscious self-doubts and insecurities causing them to react very negatively to any criticism they may receive. There is a need for constant positive feedback from others for these individuals to maintain their feelings of self-worth. The necessity of repeated praise can be associated with boastful, arrogant behavior or sometimes even aggressive and hostile feelings toward anyone who questions the individual's self-worth, an example of threatened egotism.[31][32] Implicit, explicit, narcissism, and threatened egotism Implicit self-esteem refers to a person's disposition to evaluate themselves positively or negatively in a spontaneous, automatic, or unconscious manner. It contrasts with explicit self-esteem, which entails more conscious and reflective self-evaluation. Both explicit self-esteem and implicit self-esteem are subtypes of self-esteem proper. Narcissism is a disposition people may have that represents an excessive love for one's self. It is characterized by an inflated view of self-worth. Individuals who score high on Narcissism measures, Robert Raskin's 40 Item True or False Test, would likely select true to such statements as "If I ruled the world, it would be a much better place."[citation needed] There is only a moderate correlation between narcissism and self-esteem;[33] that is to say that an individual can have high self-esteem but low narcissism or can be a conceited, obnoxious person and score high self-esteem and high narcissism.[citation needed] Threatened egotism is characterized as a response to criticism that threatens the ego of narcissists; they often react in a hostile and aggressive manner.[6][34][35] Low self-esteem Low self-esteem can result from various factors, including genetic factors, physical appearance or weight, mental health issues, socioeconomic status, peer pressure or bullying.[36] A person with low self-esteem may show some of the following characteristics:[37] Heavy self-criticism and dissatisfaction.[15] Hypersensitivity to criticism with resentment against critics and feelings of being attacked.[15] Chronic indecision and an exaggerated fear of mistakes.[15] Excessive will to please and unwillingness to displease any petitioner.[15] Perfectionism, which can lead to frustration when perfection is not achieved.[15] Neurotic guilt, dwelling on and/or exaggerating the magnitude of past mistakes.[15] Floating hostility and general defensiveness and irritability without any proximate cause.[15] Pessimism and a general negative outlook.[15] Envy, invidiousness, or general resentment.[15] Sees temporary setbacks as permanent, intolerable conditions.[30] When given negative feedback, individuals with low self-esteem often take it personally, and can be devastated by it. This damage can be much more severe if the feedback is harsh or directly criticizes the individual's worth, moral character, achievements, etc. Individuals with low self-esteem are very critical of themselves and depend on the approval and praise of others for their own evaluation of self-worthiness. They believe that a person's approval of them is dependent on their performance, whether it be academic, relationship, etc. People with low self-esteem view their likeability in terms of successes: others will accept them if they succeed but will not if they fail.[38] |
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