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Researchers debate over when self-concept development begins. Some assert that gender stereotypes and expectations set by parents for their children impact children's understanding of themselves by approximately age 3.[23] Others suggest that self-concept develops later, around age 7 or 8, when children are developmentally prepared to interpret their own feelings and abilities, as well as feedback they receive from parents, teachers, and peers.[1] Despite differing opinions about the onset of self-concept development, researchers agree on the importance of one’s self-concept, which influences people’s behaviors and cognitive and emotional outcomes including (but not limited to) academic achievement, levels of happiness, anxiety, social integration, self-esteem, and life-satisfaction.[20][24][25] Academic self-concept Academic self-concept refers to the personal beliefs about their academic abilities or skills.[20] Some research suggests that it begins developing from ages 3 to 5 due to influence from parents and early educators.[23] By age 10 or 11, children assess their academic abilities by comparing themselves to their peers.[26] These social comparisons are also referred to as self-estimates.[27] Self-estimates of cognitive ability are most accurate when evaluating subjects that deal with numbers, such as math.[27] Self-estimates were more likely to be poor in other areas, such as reasoning speed.[27][clarification needed] Some researchers suggest that, to raise academic self-concept, parents and teachers need to provide children with specific feedback that focuses on their particular skills or abilities.[28] Others also state that learning opportunities should be conducted in groups (both mixed-ability and like-ability) that downplay social comparison, as too much of either type of grouping can have adverse effects on children's academic self-concept and the way they view themselves in relation to their peers.[20][24] |
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