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Main article: Ecological footprint While we are used to thinking of cities as geographically discrete places, most of the land "occupied" by their residents lies far beyond their borders. The total area of land required to sustain an urban region (its "ecological footprint") is typically at least an order of magnitude greater than that contained within municipal boundaries or the associated built-up area.[76]:121 In 1992, William Rees developed the ecological footprint concept. The ecological footprint and its close analog the water footprint has become a popular way of accounting for the level of impact that human society is imparting on the Earth's ecosystems.[76][77] All indications are that the human enterprise is unsustainable as the footprint of society is placing too much stress on the ecology of the planet.[78] The WWF 2008 living planet report and other researchers report that human civilization has exceeded the bio-regenerative capacity of the planet.[78][79] This means that the footprint of human consumption is extracting more natural resources than can be replenished by ecosystems around the world. |
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