|
The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation. During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.[89] The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities,[98] a figure that has risen to nearly 50% at the beginning of the 21st century.[99] In 1717 Manchester was merely a market town of 10,000 people, but by 1911 it had a population of 2.3 million.[100] The greatest killer in the cities was tuberculosis (TB).[101] By the late 1800s, between 7 and 9 in 10 city dwellers in Europe and North America were infected with tuberculosis, and about 8 in 10 of those who developed active tuberculosis died of it. Forty percent of deaths among the urban working class were from tuberculosis.[102] |
About us|Jobs|Help|Disclaimer|Advertising services|Contact us|Sign in|Website map|Search|
GMT+8, 2015-9-11 22:11 , Processed in 0.152057 second(s), 16 queries .
