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A list of founders, innovators and their significant contributions to ecology, from Romanticism onward. Notable figure Lifespan Major contribution & citation Antoni van Leeuwenhoeke 1632–1723 First to develop concept of food chains Carl Linnaeus 1707–1778 Influential naturalist, inventor of science on the economy of nature[11][13] Alexander Humboldt 1769–1859 First to describe ecological gradient of latitudinal biodiversity increase toward the tropics [14] in 1807 Charles Darwin 1809–1882 Founder of the hypothesis of evolution by means of natural selection, founder of ecological studies of soils[15] Elizabeth Catherine Thomas Carne 1817-1873 Geologist, mineralogist and philosopher who observed rural vs urban living, spatially and culturally, finding in country living the best attack on suffocating class divides, healthier living, and best access to natural education.[16] Herbert Spencer 1820–1903 Early founder of social ecology, coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest'[11][17] Karl Möbius 1825–1908 First to develop concept of ecological community, biocenosis, or living community[18][19][20] Ernst Haeckel 1834–1919 Invented the term ecology, popularized research links between ecology and evolution Victor Hensen 1835–1924 Invented term plankton, developed quantitative and statistical measures of productivity in the seas Eugenius Warming 1841–1924 Early founder of Ecological Plant Geography[5] Ellen Swallow Richards 1842–1911 Pioneer and educator who linked urban ecology to human health[21] Stephen Forbes 1844–1930 Early founder of entomology and ecological concepts in 1887 [8][22][23] Vito Volterra 1860–1940 Independently pioneered mathematical populations models around the same time as Alfred J. Lotka.[24][25] Vladimir Vernadsky 1869–1939 Founded the biosphere concept Henry C. Cowles 1869–1939 Pioneering studies and conceptual development in studies of ecological succession[26] Jan Christiaan Smuts 1870–1950 Coined the term holism in a 1926 book Holism and Evolution.[27] Arthur G. Tansley 1871–1955 First to coin the term ecosystem in 1936 and notable researcher[19][28][29] Charles Christopher Adams 1873–1955 Animal ecologist, biogeographer, author of first American book on animal ecology in 1913, founded ecological energetics[30][31] Friedrich Ratzel 1844–1904 German geographer who first coined the term biogeography in 1891. Frederic Clements 1874–1945 Authored the first influential American ecology book in 1905[32] Victor Ernest Shelford 1877–1968 Founded physiological ecology, pioneered food-web and biome concepts, founded The Nature Conservancy[33][34] Alfred J. Lotka 1880–1949 First to pioneer mathematical populations models explaining trophic (predator-prey) interactions using logistic equation[35] Henry Gleason 1882–1975 Early ecology pioneer, quantitative theorist, author, and founder of the individualistic concept of ecology[32][36] Charles S. Elton 1900–1991 'Father' of animal ecology, pioneered food-web & niche concepts and authored influential Animal Ecology text[33][37] G. Evelyn Hutchinson 1903–1991 Limnologist and conceptually advanced the niche concept[38][39][40] Eugene P. Odum 1913–2002 Co-founder of ecosystem ecology and ecological thermodynamic concepts[29][33][41][42] Howard T. Odum 1924–2002 Co-founder of ecosystem ecology and ecological thermodynamic concepts[29][33][41][42][43][44] Robert MacArthur 1930–1972 Co-founder on Theory of Island Biogeography and innovator of ecological statistical methods[45] |
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