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The materials used by different cultures in most cases were the only records left for anthropologists to define the civilization. The progressive use of more sophisticated materials showed an innovative divide between peoples. This is partially due to the major material of use in that culture and its associated benefits and drawbacks. Stone Age cultures were limited by which stone could be found in the local area and what could be traded. The use of flint around 300,000 BCE is sometimes considered the beginning of the use of ceramics. The use of polished stone axes marks a significant advance because many more rocks could be used as tools. The innovation of smelting and casting metals in the Bronze Age started to change the way that cultures developed and interacted with each other. Native metals of copper and gold were reshaped without the use of fire for tools and weapons starting around 5500 BCE. Copper began to be heated and shaped with hammers around 5000 BCE. Melting and casting around 4000 BCE. Metallurgy had its dawn with the reduction of copper from its ore around 3500 BCE. And finally, the first alloy, bronze came into use around 3000 BCE. In the 10th century BCE, Glass production begins in ancient Near East. In the 3rd century BCE, Wootz steel, the first crucible steel, is invented in ancient India. In the 1st century BCE, Glassblowing techniques flourish in Phoenicia. In the 2nd century CE, steel-making becomes widespread used in Han Dynasty China. In the 4th century CE, the Iron pillar of Delhi is produced, and remains the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel. |
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