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During its Golden Age, roughly from 1590 to 1681,[43] Spain saw a monumental increase in the production of live theatre as well as the in importance of theatre within Spanish society. It was an accessible art form for all participants in Renaissance Spain, being both highly sponsored by the aristocratic class and highly attended by the lower classes.[44] The volume and variety of Spanish plays during the Golden Age was unprecedented in the history of world theatre, surpassing, for example, the dramatic production of the English Renaissance by a factor of at least four.[43][44][45] Although this volume has been as much a source of criticism as praise for Spanish Golden Age theatre, for emphasizing quantity before quality,[46] a large number of the 10,000[44] to 30,000[46] plays of this period are still considered masterpieces.[47][48] Major artists of the period included Lope de Vega, a contemporary of Shakespeare, often, and contemporaneously, seen his parallel for the Spanish stage,[49] and Calderon de la Barca, inventor of the zarzuela[50] and Lope's successor as the preeminent Spanish dramatist.[51] Gil Vicente, Lope de Rueda, and Juan del Encina helped to establish the foundations of Spanish theatre in the mid-sixteenth centuries,[52][53][54] while Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla and Tirso de Molina made significant contributions in the later half of the Golden Age.[55][56] Important performers included Lope de Rueda (previously mentioned among the playwrights) and later Juan Rana.[57][58] The sources of influence for the emerging national theatre of Spain were as diverse as the theatre that nation ended up producing. Storytelling traditions originating in Italian Commedia dell'arte[59] and the uniquely Spanish expression of Western Europe's traveling minstrel entertainments[60][61] contributed a populist influence on the narratives and the music, respectively, of early Spanish theatre. Neo-Aristotelian criticism and liturgical dramas, on the other hand, contributed literary and moralistic perspectives.[62][63] In turn, Spanish Golden Age theatre has dramatically influenced the theatre of later generations in Europe and throughout the world. Spanish drama had an immediate and significant impact on the contemporary developments in English Renaissance theatre.[47] It has also had a lasting impact on theatre throughout the Spanish speaking world.[64] Additionally, a growing number of works are being translated, increasing the reach of Spanish Golden Age theatre and strengthening its reputation among critics and theatre patrons.[65] |
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