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See also: Washington consensus and Pink tide Presidents Hugo Chávez, Néstor Kirchner, and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva met on January 19, 2006 in Granja do Torto. Flag of the Union of South American Nations. South America, like many other continents, became a battlefield for the superpowers during the Cold War in the late 20th century. In the 1960s and 1970s, the governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay were overthrown or displaced by U.S.-aligned military dictatorships. These detained tens of thousands of political prisoners, many of whom were tortured and/or killed (on inter-state collaboration, see Operation Condor). Economically, they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies. They placed their own actions within the U.S. Cold War doctrine of "National Security" against internal subversion. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from an internal conflict (see Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and Shining Path). Revolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships have been common, but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is now widespread. Allegations of corruption remain common, and several nations have seen crises which have forced the resignation of their presidents, although normal civilian succession has continued. International indebtedness became a notable problem, as most recently illustrated by Argentina's default in the early 21st century. In recent years, with deep economic and social crisis provoked by neoliberal policies[citation needed], the right wing lost appeal in the region (with the major exception being Colombia)[16] and the election of a sequence of left wing presidents began with Hugo Chávez' victory on the 1998 presidential election in Venezuela. As a matter of fact, The Nation described Dilma Rousseff's victory in the 2010 Brazilian election as a defeat for the Washington Consensus.[17] Despite the move to the left, South America remains largely capitalist and is enjoying its best years of economic growth.[16] The Brazilian GDP, for instance, is expected to grow 7.5% in 2010,[16] second only to the People's Republic of China in the world. The list of left wing South American presidents is, by date of election, the following: 1998: Hugo Chávez, Venezuela 1999: Ricardo Lagos, Chile 2002: Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, Brazil 2002: Lucio Gutiérrez, Ecuador 2003: Néstor Kirchner, Argentina 2004: Tabaré Vázquez, Uruguay 2005: Evo Morales, Bolivia 2006: Michelle Bachelet, Chile 2006: Rafael Correa, Ecuador 2007: Cristina Kirchner, Argentina 2008: Fernando Lugo, Paraguay 2009: José Mujica, Uruguay 2010: Dilma Rousseff, Brazil 2011: Ollanta Humala, Peru 2013: Nicolás Maduro, Venezuela In 2008, the Union of South American Nations (USAN) was founded, revealing South American ambition of economic integration, with plans for political integration in the European Union style.[citation needed] This was seen by American political commentators as a pivotal moment in the loss of U.S. hegemony in the region.[18] According to Noam Chomsky, USAN represents that "for the first time since the European conquest, Latin America began to move towards integration".[19] |
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