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Main articles: Colonial history of the United States, Former colonies and territories in Canada, New France, Thirteen Colonies, French and Indian Wars, and New Spain By 1663 the French crown had taken over control of New France from the fur-trading companies, and the English charter colonies gave way to more metropolitan control. This ushered in a new era of more formalized colonialism in North America. Rivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass that would have great impact on the development of the colonies. Territory often changed hands multiple times. Peace was not achieved until French forces in North America were vanquished at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City, and France ceded most of her claims outside of the Caribbean. The end of the French presence in North America was disaster for most Native nations in Eastern North America, who lost their major ally against expanding Anglo-American settlement. During Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766), a confederation of Great Lakes-area tribes fought a somewhat successful campaign to defend their rights over lands west of the Appalachian Mountains, which had been "reserved" for them under the Royal Proclamation of 1763. Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia, North America and its peripheries from 1535 to 1821. |
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