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2nd century BC 240 BC – Eratosthenes measures the Earth's circumference and diameter. 8th century AD Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber) introduces the experimential method and controlled experiment in chemistry 10th century Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) introduces controlled experiment into the field of medicine and carried out the first medical experiment in order to find the most hygienic place to build a hospital 11th century 1020 – Avicenna (Ibn Sina) introduces experimentation and quantification into the study of medicine and physiology, including the introduction of experimental medicine and clinical trials, in The Canon of Medicine 1021 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) pioneers the experimental scientific method and experimental physics in his Book of Optics, where he devises the first scientific experiments on optics, including the first use of the camera obscura to prove that light travels in straight lines and the first experimental proof that visual perception is caused by light rays travelling to the eyes, which also marks the beginning of experimental psychology and psychophysics 1030 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī conducts the first elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena and introduces the experimental method into mechanics 12th century 1121 – Al-Khazini makes extensive use of the experimental method to prove his theories on mechanics in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) is the first physician to carry out human postmortem dissections and autopsies. He proves that the skin disease scabies is caused by a parasite, a discovery which upsets the Hippocratic and Galenic theory of humorism 13th century 1200 – Abd-el-latif observes and examines a large number of skeletons, and he discovered that Galen was incorrect regarding the formation of the bones of the lower jaw and sacrum 1242 – Ibn al-Nafis carries out autopsies which leads him to the discovery of pulmonary circulation and the circulatory system Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī provides the first correct explanation of the rainbow phenomenon and uses the experimental method to prove his theory Albertus Magnus documents that nitric acid can dissolve silver and the resulting silver nitrate solution will blacken skin 17th century 1609 – Galileo Galilei observes moons of Jupiter in support of the heliocentric model 1638 – Galileo Galilei uses rolling balls to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion 1665 – Robert Hooke, using a microscope, observes cells 1666 - Sir Isaac Newton (Laws of motion and gravity) 1676 – Ole Rømer measures the speed of light for the first time 18th century 1747 – James Lind: Conducts one of the earliest European clinical trials, showing that scurvy was cured by consuming fresh oranges and lemons, but not other tested acids or drinks 1774 – Charles Mason: Conducts an experiment near the Scottish mountain of Schiehallion that attempts to measure the mean density of the Earth for the first time. Known as the Schiehallion experiment 1796 – Edward Jenner: tests the first vaccine 1798 – Henry Cavendish: Torsion bar experiment to measure the gravitational constant 19th century 1801 – Thomas Young: double-slit experiment demonstrates the wave nature of light 1820 – Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the connection of electricity and magnetism 1843 – James Prescott Joule measures the equivalence between mechanical work and heat, resulting in the law of conservation of energy 1845 – Christian Doppler demonstrates the Doppler shift 1851 – Léon Foucault uses Foucault pendulum is to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth 1859 – Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species showing that evolution occurs by natural selection 1861 – Louis Pasteur disproves the theory of spontaneous generation 1863 – Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments (Mendel's laws of inheritance) 1887 – Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect 1887 – Michelson and Morley: Michelson–Morley experiment, showing that the speed of light is invariant 1896 – Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity 1897 – J. J. Thomson discovers the electron 20th century 1909 – Robert Millikan: oil-drop experiment which suggests that electric charge occurs as quanta (the electron) 1911 – Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment determines the shape of the atom 1911 – Onnes: superconductivity 1919 – Arthur Eddington: Our sun as gravitational lens, a proof of the theory of relativity 1920 – Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach conduct the Stern–Gerlach experiment, which demonstrates particle spin 1920 – John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conduct the Little Albert experiment 1928 – Griffith's experiment shows that living cells can be transformed via a transforming principle, later discovered to be DNA 1934 – Enrico Fermi splits the atom 1935 – Lady tasting tea experiment by Ronald A. Fisher, foundational in statistical hypothesis testing 1940 – Karl von Frisch decodes the "dance" honeybees use to communicate the location of flowers 1944 – Barbara McClintock breeds maize plants for color, which leads to the discovery of jumping genes 1947 – John Bardeen and Walter Brattain fabricate the first working transistor 1951 – Solomon Asch shows how group pressure can persuade an individual to conform to an obviously wrong opinion 1952 – Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase: Hershey–Chase experiment proves that DNA is the hereditary material 1953 – Stanley L. Miller & Harold C. Urey: Miller–Urey experiment demonstrates that organic compounds can arise spontaneously from inorganic ones 1955 – Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines confirm the existence of the neutrino in the neutrino experiment 1958 – Meselson–Stahl experiment proves that DNA replication is semiconservative 1960 – B. F. Skinner's demonstrations of operant conditioning 1961 – Crick, Brenner et al. experiment 1961 – Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment 1964 – Nirenberg and Leder experiment 1965 – Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson: Cosmic microwave background radiation, evidence of the Big Bang 1967 – Kerim Kerimov launches the Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188 as experiments on automatic docking eventually leading to the development of space stations 1970 – Allan and Beatrix Gardner teach American Sign Language to the chimpanzee Washoe 1971 – Muhammad Yunus carries out experiments on the applications of microcredit and microfinance in rural Bangladesh 1974 – Stanley Milgram: Milgram experiment on obedience to authority 1995 – Eric A. Cornell and Carl E. Wieman synthesize Bose–Einstein condensate 21st century 2013 - Equatorial Vortex Experiment (EVEX) is a NASA-funded sounding rocket mission to better understand and predict the electrical storms in Earth's upper atmosphere.[1] |
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