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2nd century BC 150s BC – Seleucus of Seleucia: discovery of tides being caused by the moon. 2nd century 150s Ptolemy: produced the geocentric model of the solar system. 9th century Al-Kindi (Alkindus): refutation of the theory of the transmutation of metals 10th century Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes): refutation of Aristotelian classical elements and Galenic humorism; and discovery of measles and smallpox, and kerosene and distilled petroleum Ibn Sahl: Snell's law of refraction 11th century 1021 – Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics 1020s – Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine 1054 – Various Early Astronomers: Observe supernova (modern designation SN 1054), later correlated to the Crab Nebula. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī: beginning of Islamic astronomy and mechanics 12th century 1121 – Al-Khazini: variation of gravitation and gravitational potential energy at a distance; the decrease of air density with altitude Ibn Bajjah (Avempace): discovery of reaction (precursor to Newton's third law of motion) Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel): relationship between force and acceleration (a vague foreshadowing of a fundamental law of classical mechanics and a precursor to Newton's second law of motion) Averroes: relationship between force, work and kinetic energy 13th century 1220–1235 – Robert Grosseteste: rudimentals of the scientific method (see also: Roger Bacon) 1242 – Ibn al-Nafis: pulmonary circulation and circulatory system Theodoric of Freiberg: correct explanation of rainbow phenomenon William of Saint-Cloud: pioneering use of camera obscura to view solar eclipses[1] 14th century Before 1327 – William of Ockham: Occam's Razor Oxford Calculators: the mean speed theorem Jean Buridan: theory of impetus Nicole Oresme: discovery of the curvature of light through atmospheric refraction[2] 15th century 1494 - Luca Pacioli: first codification of the Double-entry bookkeeping system, which slowly developed in previous centuries[3] 16th century 1543 – Copernicus: heliocentric model 1543 – Vesalius: pioneering research into human anatomy 1552 – Michael Servetus: early research in Europe into pulmonary circulation 1570s – Tycho Brahe: detailed astronomical observations 1600 – William Gilbert: Earth's magnetic field 17th century 1609 – Johannes Kepler: first two laws of planetary motion 1610 – Galileo Galilei: Sidereus Nuncius: telescopic observations 1614 – John Napier: use of logarithms for calculation[4] 1628 – William Harvey: Blood circulation 1638 - Galileo Galilei: laws of falling body 1643 – Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer 1662 – Robert Boyle: Boyle's law of ideal gas 1665 – Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society first peer reviewed scientific journal published. 1665 - Robert Hooke: Discovers the Cell 1668 – Francesco Redi: disproved idea of spontaneous generation 1669 – Nicholas Steno: Proposes that fossils are organic remains embedded in layers of sediment, basis of stratigraphy 1669 – Jan Swammerdam: Species breed true 1673 - Christiaan Huygens: first study of oscillating system and design of pendulum clocks 1675 – Leibniz, Newton: Infinitesimal calculus 1675 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Observes Microorganisms by Microscope 1676 – Ole Rømer: first measurement of the speed of light 1687 – Newton: Laws of motion, law of universal gravitation, basis for classical physics 18th century 1745 – Ewald Jürgen Georg von Kleist first capacitor, the Leyden jar 1750 – Joseph Black: describes latent heat 1751 – Benjamin Franklin: Lightning is electrical 1761 - Mikhail Lomonosov: discovery of the atmosphere of Venus 1763 - Thomas Bayes: publishes the first version of Bayes' theorem, paving the way for Bayesian probability 1771 – Charles Messier: Publishes catalogue of astronomical objects (Messier Objects) now known to include galaxies, star clusters, and nebulae. 1778 – Antoine Lavoisier (and Joseph Priestley): discovery of oxygen leading to end of Phlogiston theory 1781 – William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus, expanding the known boundaries of the solar system for the first time in modern history 1785 – William Withering: publishes the first definitive account of the use of foxglove (digitalis) for treating dropsy 1787 – Jacques Charles: Charles' law of ideal gas 1789 – Antoine Lavoisier: law of conservation of mass, basis for chemistry, and the beginning of modern chemistry 1796 – Georges Cuvier: Establishes extinction as a fact 1796 - Edward Jenner: small pox historical accounting 19th century 1800 – Alessandro Volta: discovers electrochemical series and invents the battery 1802 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: teleological evolution 1805 – John Dalton: Atomic Theory in (Chemistry) 1824 – Carnot: described the Carnot cycle, the idealized heat engine 1827 – Georg Ohm: Ohm's law (Electricity) 1827 – Amedeo Avogadro: Avogadro's law (Gas law) 1828 – Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea, destroying vitalism 1830 - Nikolai Lobachevsky created Non-Euclidean geometry 1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction 1833 – Anselme Payen isolates first enzyme, diastase 1838 – Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells 1838 – Friedrich Bessel: first successful measure of stellar parallax (to star 61 Cygni) 1842 – Christian Doppler: Doppler effect 1843 – James Prescott Joule: Law of Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics), also 1847 – Helmholtz, Conservation of energy 1846 – William Morton: discovery of anesthesia 1846 – Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest: discovery of Neptune 1848 – Lord Kelvin: absolute zero 1858 – Rudolf Virchow: cells can only arise from pre-existing cells 1859 – Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace: Theory of evolution by natural selection 1861 - Louis Pasteur: Germ theory 1865 – Gregor Mendel: Mendel's laws of inheritance, basis for genetics 1865 – Rudolf Clausius: Definition of Entropy 1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev: Periodic table 1871 – Lord Rayleigh: Diffuse sky radiation (Rayleigh scattering) explains why sky appears blue 1873 – James Clerk Maxwell: Theory of electromagnetism 1875 – William Crookes invented the Crookes tube and studied cathode rays 1876 – Josiah Willard Gibbs founded chemical thermodynamics, the phase rule 1877 – Ludwig Boltzmann: Statistical definition of entropy 1887 – Albert Michelson and Edward Morley: lack of evidence for the aether 1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers x-rays 1896 – Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity 1897 – J.J. Thomson discovers the electron in cathode rays 1898 - J.J. Thomson proposed the Plum pudding model of an atom 1900 – Max Planck: Planck's law of black body radiation, basis for quantum theory 20th century 1905 – Albert Einstein: theory of special relativity, explanation of Brownian motion, and photoelectric effect 1906 – Walther Nernst: Third law of thermodynamics 1909 – Fritz Haber: Haber Process and also the Oil drop experiment by Robert Andrews Millikan to determine the charge on an electron 1911 – Ernest Rutherford: Atomic nucleus 1911 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes: Superconductivity 1912 – Alfred Wegener: Continental drift 1912 – Max von Laue : x-ray diffraction 1913 – Henry Moseley: defined atomic number 1913 – Niels Bohr: Model of the atom 1915 – Albert Einstein: theory of general relativity – also David Hilbert 1915 – Karl Schwarzschild: discovery of the Schwarzschild radius leading to the identification of black holes 1918 – Emmy Noether: Noether's theorem – conditions under which the conservation laws are valid 1920 – Arthur Eddington: Stellar nucleosynthesis 1924 – Wolfgang Pauli: quantum Pauli exclusion principle 1924 – Edwin Hubble: the discovery that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies 1925 – Erwin Schrödinger: Schrödinger equation (Quantum mechanics) 1927 – Werner Heisenberg: Uncertainty principle (Quantum mechanics) 1927 – Georges Lemaître: Theory of the Big Bang 1928 – Paul Dirac: Dirac equation (Quantum mechanics) 1929 – Edwin Hubble: Hubble's law of the expanding universe 1929 – Lars Onsager's reciprocal relations, a potential fourth law of thermodynamics 1932 – James Chadwick: Discovery of the neutron 1934 – Clive McCay: Calorie Restriction extends the maximum lifespan of another species Calorie Restriction research history 1938 – Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann: Nuclear fission 1943 – Oswald Avery proves that DNA is the genetic material of the chromosome 1947 – William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invent the first transistor 1948 – Claude Elwood Shannon: 'A mathematical theory of communication' a seminal paper in Information theory. 1948 – Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Freeman Dyson: Quantum electrodynamics 1951 – George Otto Gey propagates first cancer cell line, HeLa 1952 – Jonas Salk: developed and tested first polio vaccine 1953 – Crick and Watson: helical structure of DNA, basis for molecular biology 1963 – Lawrence Morley, Fred Vine, and Drummond Matthews: Paleomagnetic stripes in ocean crust as evidence of plate tectonics (Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis). 1964 – Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig: postulates quarks leading to the standard model 1964 – Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson: detection of CMBR providing experimental evidence for the Big Bang 1965 – Leonard Hayflick: normal cells divide only a certain number of times: the Hayflick limit 1967 – Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish discover first pulsar 1983 – Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction, a key discovery in molecular biology. 1986 – Karl Müller and Johannes Bednorz: Discovery of High-temperature superconductivity 1994 - Andrew Wiles proves Fermat's Last Theorem 1995 – Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz definitively observe the first extrasolar planet around a main sequence star 1995 - Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle attained the first Bose-Einstein Condensate with atomic gases, so called fifth state of matter at extremely low temperature. 1997 – Roslin Institute: Dolly the sheep was cloned. 1997 – CDF and DØ experiments at Fermilab: Top quark. 1998 – Gerson Goldhaber and Saul Perlmutter observed that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. 21st century 2001 – The first draft of the human genome is completed. 2003 - Grigori Perelman presents proof of the Poincaré Conjecture. 2006 - Shinya Yamanaka generates first induced pluripotent stem cells 2010 – J. Craig Venter Institute creates the first synthetic genome for a bacterial cell.[5] 2010 - The Neanderthal Genome Project presented preliminary genetic evidence that interbreeding did likely take place and that a small but significant portion of Neanderthal admixture is present in modern non-African populations.[citation needed] 2012 - Higgs boson is discovered at CERN (confirmed to 99.999% certainty) 2012 - Photonic molecules are discovered at MIT |
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