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Advances in the knowledge of the laws of nature consisting either of experimental discoveries or theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally. 250 BCE Archimedes principle: Archimedes 1514 Heliocentrism: Nicholas Copernicus 1589 Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment: Galileo Galilei 1600 Earth's magnetic field discovered : William Gilbert 1613 Inertia: Galileo Galilei 1621 Snell's law: Willebrord Snellius 1660 Pascal's Principle: Blaise Pascal 1660 Hooke's law: Robert Hooke 1687 Laws of motion and law of gravity: Newton 1780 1782 Conservation of matter: Lavoisier 1785 Inverse square law for electric charges confirmed: Coulomb 1801 Wave theory of light: Young 1803 Atomic theory of matter: Dalton 1805 1806 Kinetic energy: Young 1814 Wave theory of light, interference: Fresnel 1820 Evidence for electromagnetic interactions: Ampère, Biot, Savart 1824 Ideal gas cycle analysis, internal combustion engine: Sadi Carnot 1827 Electrical resistance, etc.: Ohm 1830 1838 Lines of force, fields: Michael Faraday 1838 Earth's magnetic field: Weber 1842–3 Conservation of energy: Mayer, Kelvin 1842 Doppler effect: Kelvin 1845 Faraday rotation (light and electromagnetic): Faraday 1847 Conservation of energy 2: Joule, Helmholtz 1850–1 Second law of thermodynamics: Clausius, Kelvin 1855 1857–9 Kinetic theory: Clausius, Maxwell 1861 Black body: Kirchhoff 1863 Entropy: Clausius 1864 dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field: Maxwell 1867 Dynamic theory of gases, Maxwell 1880 1871–89 Statistical mechanics: Boltzmann, Gibbs 1884 Boltzmann derives Stefan radiation law 1887 Electromagnetic waves: Hertz 1893 radiation law: Wien 1895 X-rays: Röntgen 1896 Radioactivity: Becquerel 1897 Electron: Thomson 1900 formula for Black body radiation: Planck 1905 1905 Special relativity: Einstein Photoelectric effect: Einstein Brownian motion: Einstein 1911 Equivalence principle Discovery of the Atomic nucleus: Rutherford Superconductivity: Kamerlingh Onnes 1913 Bohr model of the atom: Bohr 1916 General relativity: Einstein 1919 Light bending confirmed 1922 Friedmann proposes expanding universe 1923 Stern–Gerlach experiment Matter waves Galaxies Particle nature of photons confirmed 1925–7 Quantum mechanics 1925 Stellar structure understood 1927 Big Bang: Lemaître 1928 Antimatter predicted: Dirac 1929 expansion of universe confirmed: Hubble 1930 1932 Antimatter discovered: Anderson Neutron discovered: Chadwick 1933 Invention of the electron microscope: Ernst Ruska 1937 Muon discovered: Anderson & Neddermeyer 1938 Superfluidity discovered Energy production in stars understood 1939 Uranium fission discovered 1944 Theory of magnetism in 2D: Ising model 1947 Pion discovered 1948 Quantum electrodynamics 1955 1948 Invention of the Maser and Laser - Charles Townes 1956 Electron neutrino discovered 1956–7 Parity found violated 1957 Superconductivity explained 1959–60 Role of topology in quantum physics, predicted and confirmed 1962 SU(3) theory of strong interactions Muon neutrino found 1963 Quarks predicted = Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig 1967 Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions Solar neutrino problem found Pulsars (neutron stars) discovered 1968 Experimental evidence for quarks found 1968 Dark Matter theories - Vera Rubin 1970–3 Standard model of elementary particles invented 1971 Helium 3 superfluidity 1974 Black hole radiation predicted Renormalization group Charmed quark found 1975 Tau lepton found 1977 Bottom quark found 1980 1980 Quantum Hall effect 1981 Theory of cosmic inflation proposed 1982 Fractional quantum Hall effect 1995 Bose–Einstein condensate found : Wolfgang Ketterle 1995 Top quark found 1998 Accelerating expansion of universe found 1999 Slow light experimentally demonstrated : Lene Vestergaard Hau 2000 Tau neutrino found 2003 WMAP observations of Cosmic microwave background 2012 Higgs Boson found |
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