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11th century 1088: Movable type in Song Dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays written in 1088, which attributed the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.[118][119][120][121] In the 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg independently invented the modern movable type system in Europe.[122] 11th century: Fuel coke in Song Dynasty China: By the 11th century, to avoid excessive deforestation, the Song Chinese began using coke made from bituminous coal as fuel for their metallurgic furnaces instead of charcoal derived from wood.[123][124] 12th century 1119: Mariner's compass (wet compass) in Song Dynasty China: The earliest recorded use of magnetized needle for navigational purposes at sea is found in Zhu Yu's book Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119 (written from 1111 to 1117).[120][125][126][127][128][129][130] The typical Chinese navigational compass was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water.[131] The familiar mariner's dry compass which used a pivoting needle suspended above a compass-card in a glass box was invented in medieval Europe no later than 1300.[132] 13th century 1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history was by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who used an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.[133] 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy[134] 13th century: Dominoes in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin written during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368).[135] Dominoes first appeared in Italy during the 18th century, and although it is unknown how Chinese dominoes developed into the modern game, it is speculated that Italian missionaries in China may have brought the game to Europe.[136] 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin Dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs were used in 1221 by the Jin Dynasty against a Song Dynasty city.[137] The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in 13th century in China and were called "thunder-crash bombs,"[138] coined during a Jin Dynasty naval battle in 1231.[139] 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppressed the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase was used.[140] 14th century 14th century: Naval mine in Ming Dynasty China: Mentioned in the Huolongjing military manuscript written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th century) and Liu Ji (1311–1375), describing naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclopedia written in 1637.[141] 15th century The oldest known parachute is depicted in this anonymous Italian manuscript dated to the 1470s.[142] 1420s: Brace in Flandres, Holy Roman Empire[142] 1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.[143] 1470s: Parachute (with frame) in Renaissance Italy[144] 1480s: Mariner's astrolabe on Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa[145] 1494: Double-entry bookkeeping system codified by Luca Pacioli 16th century 1560 Floating dock in Venice, Venetian Republic[146] 1569 Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus Mercator 17th century A 1609 title page of the German Relation, the world's first newspaper (first published in 1605)[147][148] 1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (see also List of the oldest newspapers)[147][148] 18th century 1709: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the alcohol thermometer. 1712: Thomas Newcomen builds the first steam engine to pump water out of mines.[149] Newcomen's engine, unlike Thomas Savery's, used a piston. 1733: Stephen Hales takes measurements of blood pressure.[citation needed] 1742: Anders Celsius develops the Centigrade temperature scale.[citation needed] 1745: Musschenbroek and Kleist independently developed Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor. 1764: James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny. 1769: James Watt invents the improved steam engine utilizing a separate condenser. 19th century 1800s 1800: Voltaic pile: an early form of battery by Alessandro Volta in Italy, based on previous works by Luigi Galvani. 1802: Arc lamp: Humphry Davy (exact date unclear; not practical as a light source until generators)[150] 1804: Morphine in Paderborn, Germany: Morphine was discovered as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant in December 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner.[151] 1804: Railway steam locomotive: Richard Trevithick[152] 1820s 1822: The pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like a shaper) is completed by Thomas Blanchard for the U.S. Ordnance Dept. The lathe could copy symmetrical shapes and was used for making gun stocks, and later, ax handles. The lathe's patent was in force for 42 years, the record for any U.S. patent.[153][154] 1826: Friction Match: John Walker[155] 1830s 1831: Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry independently of each other invented Electromagnetic induction. 1838: Samuel Morse invents Morse Code. 1839: James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer. 1850s 1856: Refrigeration: Using the principle of vapour compression, James Harrison produced the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator in Geelong, Australia.[156] 1870s 1873: Crookes radiometer: Invented by the chemist Sir William Crookes as the by-product of some chemical research. 1876: Telephone: A patent for the telephone is granted to Alexander Graham Bell. However, others inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and the invention had several pioneers.[157] 1877: The first working phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison.[158] 1878: Rebreather: Henry Fleuss was granted a patent for the first practical rebreather[159] 1879 Thomas Edison produced the first practical bulb and was granted a U.S. patent. 1880s 1886: Process for economically producing Aluminum invented by Charles Martin Hall and independently by Paul Héroult in 1886. 1888: Wind turbines for grid electricity invented by Charles F. Brush in 1888. 20th century 1903: First manually controlled, fixed wing, motorized aircraft takes place in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by Orville and Wilbur Wright. First modern fixed wing aircraft. 1910s 1915: The tank was invented by Ernest Swinton,[160] although the British Royal Commission on Awards recognised a South Australian named Lance de Mole who had submitted a proposal to the British War Office, for a 'chain-rail vehicle which could be easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough ground and trenches' complete with extensive drawings in 1912[161] 1920s 1928: Penicillin was first observed to exude antibiotic substances by Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming. Development of medicinal penicillin is attributed to a team of medics and scientists including Howard Walter Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley. 1930s 1938: Z1 built by Konrad Zuse was the first freely programmable computer in the world. 1940s December 1947: The Transistor, used in almost all modern electronic products was invented in December 1947 by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the supervision of William Shockley. Subsequent transistors became steadily smaller, faster, more reliable, and cheaper to manufacture, leading to a revolution in computers, controls, and communication. 1950s December 20, 1951: First use of nuclear power to produce electricity for households in Arco, Idaho[162][163] 1955: The intermodal container was developed by Malcom McLean. 1957: The first PC used by one person and controlled by a keyboard, the IBM 610 was invented in 1957 by IBM. 1958-59: Co-creation of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. 1969: ARPANET first deployed via UCLA, SRI, UCSB, and The University of Utah. 1970s 1972: The first video game console, used primarily for playing video games on a TV, is the Magnavox Odyssey.[164] 1973: The first commercial graphical user interface was introduced in 1973 on the Xerox Alto. The modern GUI was later popularized by the Xerox Star and Apple Lisa. 1975: Altair 8800 was the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution. 1973-75: The Internet protocol suite was developed by Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) ARPANET, creating the basis for the modern Internet. 1977: Apple II introduced by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 1980s 1981: IBM-PC introduced 1981: MS-DOS introduced 1982: A CD-ROM (/ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/, an acronym of "Compact Disc Read-only memory") is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.[165] 1984: Apple Macintosh introduced by Steve Jobs. 1990s 1990: World Wide Web by a British national in Geneva, Switzerland: The World Wide Web was first proposed on March 1989 by English engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium.[166] The project was publicly introduced in December 1990.[167] 1993: MOSAIC introduced 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions. |
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