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1st century 1st century: Buttress dam in Roman Empire[69] 2nd century 132: Seismometer in Han Dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It was a large metal urn-shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device.[70][71] 2nd century: Crankshaft in Augusta Raurica, Roman Empire[72] 2nd century (or 1st century BC[73]): Lateen sail in Roman Empire[54][74][75] 2nd–3rd century: Arch-gravity dam (e.g. Puy Foradado Dam or Kasserine Dam) in Roman Empire[76][77] 3rd century Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.[78][79][80] 3rd century: Celadon in Six Dynasties China, said to have been a widely used ceramic by the Three Kingdoms era (220–265), although shards have been recovered from Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220) excavations in Zhejiang[81] and some historians argue that true celadon was not invented until the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127).[82] Late 3rd century: Crank and connecting rod (Hierapolis sawmill) in Asia Minor, Roman Empire[78][79][80] Late 3rd–early 4th century: Turbine in Africa (province), Roman Empire[83][84][85] c. 300: Noria in Roman Empire[86] 4th century 4th century: Field mill in Ancient China, first mentioned in the Yezhongji, or 'Record of Affairs at the Capital Ye of the Later Zhao Dynasty' written by Lu Hui in the 4th century, describing a field mill built by two engineers, Xie Fei and Wei Mengbian.[87] 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China, in literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD[88] work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals'.[89] 4th–5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman Empire[90] 5th century 5th century: Horse collar in Southern and Northern Dynasties China: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness was developed in Southern and Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century AD.[91] The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499.[92] 5th/6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire[93][94] 6th century 563: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire[95] 589: Toilet paper in Sui Dynasty China, first mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531–591), with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties.[96][97] 7th century 672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, was invented by Kallinikos, a Greek refugee to Constantinople, as described by Theophanes.[98] However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,[99] and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.[100] 7th century: Banknote in Tang Dynasty China: The banknote was first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots were in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desired to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.[101][102][103] 7th century: Wind furnaces in Sri Lanka for the production of steel, using monsoon winds blowing off the Indian Ocean[104] [105] 7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True porcelain was manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[106] 9th century A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281. 9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China: Gunpowder was, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality.[107] Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907).[108] The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder were written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).[109][110][111] 9th century: Playing cards in Tang Dynasty China: The first reference to the card game in world history dates no later than the 9th century, when the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang, written by Su E described players enjoying the "leaf game" in 868.[112][113] 9th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.[114] In India, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number by the 9th century, even in case of division.[114][115] 10th century 10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang.[116] 10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China: Fireworks first appeared in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.[117] |
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