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7th century BC mid-7th century BC: Two-masted ships (foresail) by Etruscans in Italy[29] 6th century BC With the Greco-Roman trispastos ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.[30] c. 515 BC: Crane in Ancient Greece[31] 5th century BC 5th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Celtiberian Spain[32][33] 5th century BC: Cast iron in Ancient China: Confirmed by archaeological evidence, the earliest cast iron was developed in China by the early 5th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BC), the oldest specimens found in a tomb of Luhe County in Jiangsu province.[34][35][36] 5th century BC: Crossbow in Ancient China and Ancient Greece: In Ancient China, the earliest evidence of bronze crossbow bolts dates as early as mid-5th century BC in Yutaishan, Hubei.[37] In Ancient Greece, the terminus ante quem of the gastraphetes is 421 BC.[38][39] 5th - 3rd century BC: Cupola furnace in Ancient China, built as early as the Warring States period (403–221 BC).[40] During the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), cupola furnace were used to remelt most, if not all, iron smelted in the blast furnace.[41][42] 5th - 4th century BC: Traction trebuchet in Ancient China between 5th - 4th century BC, appeared in the Mediterranean by the 6th century AD.[43] Before 421 BC: Catapult in Ancient Greece (incl. Sicily)[38][39] c. 480 BC: Spiral stairs (Temple A) in Selinunte, Sicily (see also List of ancient spiral stairs)[44][45] 408–6 BC: Wheelbarrow in Attica, Ancient Greece[46] 3rd century BC An illustration depicting the papermaking process in Han Dynasty China. Early 3rd century BC: Canal lock (possibly pound lock) in Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt[47][48][49] 3rd century BC: Valve Tower Sluice in Sri Lanka [50] 3rd century BC: Water wheel in Hellenistic kingdoms described by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BC)[51] 3rd - 2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han Dynasty.[34][52] After 205 BC: Dry dock some time after Ptolemy IV (221–205 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt[53] 2nd century BC The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.[54] Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD). 2nd century BC: Finery forge in Han Dynasty China, finery forges were used to make wrought iron at least by the 2nd century BC in ancient China, based on the archaeological findings of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) site at Tieshengguo.[55] 2nd century BC: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50 – AD 121) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.[56] 1st century BC 1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman Republic[57][58] 1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)[59][60][61][62][63] 150 BC Astrolabe invented in the Hellenistic world. Before 71 BC (possibly 3rd century BC[64][65][66]): Watermill (grain mill) by Greek engineers in Eastern Mediterranean (see also List of ancient watermills)[67][68] |
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