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Events with a large anthropogenic death toll not fitting any of the above classifications. May include deaths caused by famine, genocide, etc. as a portion of the total. Lowest estimate Highest estimate Event Location From To Notes 49,000,000 78,000,000 Mao Zedong era 1949–1976 People's Republic of China 1949 1976 Millions of people died as a result of Mao Zedong's reforms,[144] with most of these deaths being allegedly due to human rights abuses and administration errors within China. The total includes those who died during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns, human rights abuses in Tibet, The Great Leap Forward (especially the resulting famine), and the Cultural Revolution.[145] See also Mass killings under communist regimes. 8,000,000 61,000,000 Soviet crimes 1917–1953 Soviet Republics (1917–1922), the Soviet Union (1922–1953), the East and Center of Europe, Mongolia 1917 1953 Mass murders perpetrated by the Communist leaders of the Soviet Republics between 1917 and 1922 and later on in The Soviet Union during a period of 1922–1953 (until death of Joseph Stalin). It includes terror unleashed by Cheka during the Russian Civil War against nations and 'enemies of The Revolution',[146] deaths in Gulags,[147] forced resettlement,[148] Holodomor,[149] Dekulakization,[150] Great Purge,[151] National operations of the NKVD.[152] See also Mass killings under communist regimes. 5,000,000[153] 22,000,000[154] Crimes during Congo Free State 1885-1908 Now the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1885 1908 Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[155] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[156] 40,000[157] 350,000[158] Nanking Massacre Nanking, China 1937 1938 The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.</ref> 100,000 2,000,000 Indonesian killings of 1965–1966 Indonesia 1965 1966 Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965 and 1966. Death tolls are difficult to estimate.[159] 175,000[160] 576,000[161] Sanctions against Iraq Iraq 1990 1998 Sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council caused excess deaths of young children. 100,000[162][163] 250,000[164][165] War in the Vendée France 1793 1796 Described as genocide by some historians[163] but this claim has been widely discounted.[166] See also French Revolution. 90,800 202,600 Indonesian occupation of East Timor East Timor 1974 1999 Civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness.[167] 100,000 200,000 Bosnian genocide Bosnia 1992 1995 During the Bosnian War, at least 100,000 people were killed. 100,000[168] 120,000 Manila Massacre Manila, Philippines 1945 1945 During the Battle of Manila, at least 100,000 civilians were killed. 50,000 80,000[169] Operation Condor South America 1975 1983 A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States 10,000[170][171] 100,000[172][173] Great Fire of Smyrna Turkey September 9, 1922 September 24, 1922 Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the evacuation of their former populations by British and American military forces. After the attacks 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed. 9,000[174] 30,000[175] Dirty War Argentina 1976 1983 At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor). |
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