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Main article: List of genocides by death toll Genocides with at least a million fatalities in the high estimate category are shown here. The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". Determining what historical events constitute a genocide and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clear-cut matter. In nearly every case where accusations of genocide have circulated, partisans of various sides have disputed the interpretation and details of the event, often to the point of promoting different versions of the facts. An accusation of genocide will almost always be controversial. Determining the number of persons killed in each genocide can be just as difficult, with political, religious and ethnic biases or prejudices often leading to downplayed or exaggerated figures. Some of the accounts below may include ancillary causes of death such as malnutrition and disease, which may or may not have been intentionally inflicted. The following list of genocides and alleged genocides should be understood in this context and not necessarily regarded as the final word on the events in question. Lowest estimate Highest estimate Event Location From To Notes 2,000,000 [57] 100,000,000 [58] European colonization of the Americas Americas 1492 1900 Although heavily disputed,[59] some historians such as David Stannard and Howard Zinn consider the deaths caused by disease, displacement, and conquest of Native American populations during European settlement of North and South America as constituting an act of genocide (or series of genocides). The alleged genocidal aspects of this event are entwined with loss of life caused by the lack of immunity of Native Americans to diseases carried by European settlers (see Population history of American indigenous peoples).[60][61] Some estimates indicate case fatality rates of 80–90% in Native American populations during smallpox epidemics.[62] According to Noble David Cook, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact."[63] Stafford Poole wrote: "There are other terms to describe what happened in the Western Hemisphere, but genocide is not one of them. It is a good propaganda term in an age where slogans and shouting have replaced reflection and learning ..."[64] 1,000,000[65] 3,000,000[65] Cambodian Genocide Cambodia 1975 1979 As of September 2010, no one has been found guilty of participating in this genocide, but on 16 September 2010 Nuon Chea, second in command of the Khmer Rouge and its most senior surviving member, was indicted on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. He will face Cambodian and United Nations appointed foreign judges at the special genocide tribunal.[66][67] 26,000[89] 3,000,000[89] 1971 Bangladesh genocide East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) 1971 1971 Atrocities in East Pakistan by the Pakistani Armed Forces, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, are widely regarded as a genocide against Bengali people especially Bengali Hindus. In 2009, the Bangladeshi government started the International Crimes Tribunal in order to prosecute members of the Islamist Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami who were allegedly complicit in the genocide. 200,000[86] 1,000,000[86] Greek genocide Anatolia 1915 1923 Disputed by Turkey, but considered a genocide. 1,200,000[68] 2,400,000[68] Maafa (Slavery in the Americas) Atlantic Ocean 16th century 19th century Historian Charles Pete Banner-Haley notes that slavery was "not intentionally genocidal" and "resulted in the creation of a New World Afro-American."[69] African slaves died in large numbers during transportation from Africa. The number could be more accurate if it included deaths during the acquisition of slaves in Africa and subsequent deaths in America. Before the 16th century the principal market for the warring African tribes that enslaved each other's populations was the Islamic world to the east.[70] Gustav Nachtigal, an eye-witness, believed that for every slave who arrived at a market three or four died on the way.[71] 2,582,000[48][49][50] 8,000,000[51] Holodomor (and Soviet famine of 1932–1933) Ukrainian SSR 1932 1933 Holodomor was a famine in Ukraine caused by the government of Joseph Stalin, a part of Soviet famine of 1932–1933. Holodomor is claimed by contemporary Ukrainian government to be a genocide of the Ukrainians. As of March 2008, Ukraine and nineteen other governments[52] have recognized the actions of the Soviet government as an act of genocide. The joint statement at the United Nations in 2003 has defined the famine as the result of cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime that caused the deaths of millions of Ukrainians, Russians, Kazakhs and other nationalities in the USSR. On 23 October 2008 the European Parliament adopted a resolution[53] that recognized the Holodomor as a crime against humanity.[54] On January 12, 2010, the court of appeals in Kiev opened hearings into the "fact of genocide-famine Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932–33", in May 2009 the Security Service of Ukraine had started a criminal case "in relation to the genocide in Ukraine in 1932–33".[55] In a ruling on January 13, 2010 the court found Stalin and other Bolshevik leaders guilty of genocide against the Ukrainians.[56] 500,000[72] 1,000,000[72] Rwandan genocide Rwanda 1994 1994 Hutu killed unarmed men, women and children. Some 50 perpetrators of the genocide have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most others have not been charged due to no witness accounts. Another 120,000 were arrested by Rwanda; of these, 60,000 were tried and convicted in the gacaca court system. Genocidaires who fled into Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were used as a justification when Rwanda and Uganda invaded Zaire (First and Second Congo Wars). 1,000,000 3,000,000 Nigerian Civil War Nigeria 1967 1970 Since the independence of Nigeria in 1960 the 3 ethnic groups, the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, had always been fighting over control in the political realm. The Igbos seemed to have control over most of Nigeria's politics until the assassination of the then Igbo president Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi by Northern general Yakubu Gowon. With this the Igbos seceded from Nigeria and created the Republic of Biafra. The Igbos had the upper hand until late 1967 when food supplies were cut off. By mid-1968 50% of Igbos were starving and thousands more were being slaughtered by Nigerian soldiers. In 1970 the Igbo's surrendered to the Nigerians and by then anywhere from 1 to 3 million Igbos had either starved or had been killed. 75,000[87][88] 130,000[87][88] Massacres of Poles by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Volhyn and Eastern Galicia 1943 1944 Systematical massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army on Polish civilians in the eastern part of the Polish Second Republic (Tarnopolski, Stanisławski, Lwowski and Wołyński voivodeships in borders of 1939, under German or Soviet occupation at the time). The victims toll includes also women, children and elderly people. The small minority of dead belong to different ethnic group (mostly Ukrainians protecting Polish peoples against assaults, but also Jews and Russians). Most of the victims were tortured prior to their death. Disputed by Ukrainians, but considered a genocide by the Polish authorities. 300,000[84] 1,500,000[85] Armenian Genocide Anatolia 1915 1923 Usually called the First Genocide of the 20th century. Despite recognition by some twenty one countries as a genocide, Turkey disputes genocide by the Ottoman Empire. 4,194,200[42] 17,000,000 [43][44][45] Holocaust Europe 1941 1945 With around 6 million Jews murdered as well as the genocide of the Romani: most estimates of Romani deaths are in the 200,000–500,000 range but some estimate more than a million.[46] A broader definition includes political and religious dissenters, 200,000 people with disabilities,[47] 2 to 3 million Soviet POWs, 5,000 Jehovah's Witnesses, 15,000 homosexuals and small numbers of mixed-race children (known as the Rhineland bastards), and millions of Polish and Soviet civilians, bringing the death toll to around 17 million.[43] See Holocaust, Porajmos, Generalplan Ost, Consequences of German Nazism Note: the low estimate only accounts for Jewish deaths 500,000[73] 3,000,000[74] Expulsion of Germans after World War II Europe 1945 1950 With at least 12 million[75][76][77] Germans directly involved, it was the largest movement or transfer of any single ethnic population in modern history[76] and largest among the post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe (which displaced more than twenty million people in total).[75] The events have been usually classified as population transfer,[78] or as ethnic cleansing.[79] Martin Shaw (2007) and W.D. Rubinstein (2004) describe the expulsions as genocide.[80] Felix Ermacora writing in 1991, (in line with a minority of legal scholars) considered ethnic cleansing to be genocide[81][82] and stated that the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans was genocide.[83] Deadly prisons and camps Deaths Name Run by Location Date Notes, References 800,000–1,500,000 Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi Germany Oświęcim, Poland 1940–1945 [90][91] 700,000–1,000,000 Treblinka Nazi Germany Treblinka, Poland 1942–1943 [92][93] 480,000–600,000 Bełżec Nazi Germany Bełżec, Poland 1942–1943 [94][95][96] 350,000 Majdanek Nazi Germany Lublin, Poland 1942–1944 [citation needed] 300,000 Chełmno Nazi Germany Chełmno, Poland 1941–1943 [citation needed] 260,000 Sobibór Nazi Germany Sobibor, Poland 1942–1943 [citation needed] 130,000–500,000 Kolyma Gulag Soviet Union Kolyma, Soviet Union 1932–1954 [97] 100,000 Bergen-Belsen Nazi Germany Belsen, Germany 1942–1945 [citation needed] 55,000 Neuengamme Nazi Germany Hamburg, Germany 1938–1945 [citation needed] 82,600 to 700,000 Jasenovac NDH Ustaše, Nazi regime Croatia 1941–1945 [98][99][100] 35,000 Jadovno NDH Ustaše, Nazi regime Gospić, Croatia 1941 May–August [citation needed] 12,790–75,000 Stara Gradiška NDH Ustaše, Nazi regime Croatia 1941–1945 primarily for women and children[101][102] 17,000 Tuol Sleng Democratic Kampuchea Phnom Penh, Cambodia 1975-1979 [103] 13,171 Camp Sumter Confederate States of America Andersonville, Georgia, USA 1864–1865 [104] 12,000 Crveni Krst Nazi regime, Nedić's Serbia Niš, Serbia 1941 [105] 12,000 Gakovo Yugoslavia northern Serbia 1944 [106] 9,000–10,000 Omarska Bosnian Serb forces Omarska, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 [107][108] >3000 Tammisaari prison camp Finland Tammisaari, Finland 1918 2,963 Elmira Prison United States of America Elmira, New York, USA 1864–1865 [109] 2,000 Rab Italy Rab, Croatia 1942 [citation needed] >1,800 Krugersdorp United Kingdom Krugersdorp, Transvaal Republic c 1900–1902 Second Boer War, primarily for women and children[110] |
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