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Former colonies, possessions, protectorates and territories These were all colonies, League of Nations mandates, or United Nations trust territories, most of which were renamed after their independence. Africa Afars and Issas – French territory between 1967 and 1977, called French Somaliland before that. Became independent as Djibouti. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan – Condominium ruled jointly by the United Kingdom and Egypt. Became independent as Sudan in 1956 (and South Sudan from Sudan in 2011). Basutoland – Since 1868 a British protectorate, later colony (governed from South Africa). Became independent as Lesotho in 1966. Bechuanaland – Since 1884 a British protectorate, later colony (governed from South Africa). Became independent as Botswana in 1966. Belgian Congo – Belgian colony from 1908 until 1960, when the it became independent as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. British East Africa – British territory. Became Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. Had own currency (British East African Shilling). Territory broke into new countries in 1960. Congo Free State – Name of the state owned from 1884 by King Léopold II of Belgium, later mostly annexed by his country in 1908, when it became known as Belgian Congo. Dahomey – This African kingdom was acquired by France. In 1904, it was made part of the French West African federation. It became independent in 1960, changing its name in 1975 to Benin. Dutch Gold Coast – A colony of the Netherlands from 1598 to 1872, when it was ceded to the United Kingdom. French Equatorial Africa – A French federation of colonies, formed in 1910, containing the colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo, Chad and Ubangi-Shari. Each of these states became independent in 1960 (Ubangi-Shari as the Central African Republic). French Somaliland – became Afars and Issas then independent Djibouti in 1977, disputed by Somalia. French Sudan – A French colony, part of the French West African federation since 1904. In 1959 it formed the independent Mali Federation together with Senegal, which fell apart in 1960, after which the country was renamed Mali. French West Africa – dissolved into Mali, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Niger, Guinea, Dahomey, Mauritania. German East Africa – became Tanganyika, now part of Tanzania, went to British rule during World War I (1914–18); and Ruanda-Urundi (see below) German South-West Africa – A German colony from 1884 to 1915, after which it became South African held territory until 1990, when the country became independent as Namibia by 1990. Gold Coast – A British colony since 1874, it became independent as Ghana in 1957. Italian East Africa – Italian colonies of Eritrea and Italian Somaliland together with occupied Ethiopia. Italy invaded and occupied Ethiopia from 1936 to 1944. Italian North Africa – became Libya in 1951, occupied by British and French troops after Italy's defeat in World War II. Middle Congo – A French colony, previously named French Congo, became independent as the Republic of the Congo in 1960. Northern Rhodesia – became Zambia in 1964. Nyasaland – British protectorate, previously called British Central Africa, it was renamed Nyasaland in 1907. It became part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1953, and became independent as Malawi in 1964. Orange River Sovereignty – became the Orange Free State in 1854. Oubangui-Chari, also spelled Ubangi-Shari – part of French Equatorial Africa (above), became Central African Republic in 1960. Rio Muni – Former Spanish colony, then part of territory of Spanish Guinea until 1968. Became independent as Equatorial Guinea. Portuguese East Africa – became Mozambique in 1975. Portuguese Guinea – became Guinea-Bissau in 1974. Portuguese West Africa – became Angola in 1975. Rhodesia – name for Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) while unilaterally claiming independence, 1965–1979. Ruanda-Urundi – UN Trusteeship (Belgian) until 1962. Became independent as Burundi and Rwanda. South-West Africa – In 1915, South Africa occupied the German colony of South-West Africa, which it held under mandate until 1922, after which they remained ruling the territory until its independence in 1990 as Namibia (since 1994 also including Walvisbaai). Southern Rhodesia – British colony, unilaterally declared itself independent as Rhodesia in 1965, renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1979, then gained international recognition as Zimbabwe 1980. Spanish Guinea – became Equatorial Guinea. Consisted of two former colonies of Rio Muni and Fernando Po. Spanish Sahara – now generally known as Western Sahara, but claimed by and divided between Morocco and Mauritania in 1976, later entirely by Morocco. The issues of sovereignty and international recognition have yet to be resolved. Tanganyika – British territory until 1961. From then independent until 1964, when it became part of Tanzania. Tripolitania - Italian colony, 1927-1934, absorbed by Italian Libya Asia British India – became India and Pakistan in 1947 (and Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971). French India (including Mahé, Pondichéry, Karikal and Yanaon) – became part of India in 1950. French Indochina – French territory until 1949-1954. Became independent as Cambodia, Laos and Việt Nam, while the exclave of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan became part of China in 1946. Gwadar – colony of Muscat and Oman, became part of Pakistan in 1958. Hong Kong – colony of the United Kingdom, sovereignty transferred to the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997, as a "Special Administrative Region". Indian princely states: over 550 principalities which were protectorates of the British crown were merged with the successor states of British India in the years after independence in 1947. Macao – colony of Portugal, sovereignty transferred to the People's Republic of China on December 20, 1999, as a "Special Administrative Region". Portuguese India (including Goa, Daman and Diu) – became part of India in 1961. Shamian Island – jointly owned by Britain and France, transferred to China in 1946. Protectorate of South Arabia – Federation until 1967, consisting of British colony of Aden and numerous protectorates. Became independent as People's Republic of Yemen (from 1970 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) known as 'South Yemen'. Europe Malta – British protectorate, later a colonyfrom 1800 to 1964. Minorca – British colony returned to Spain in 1810. Nearby Majorca and the Balearic Isles was occupied by Napoleonic France from 1801 to 1815, also returned to Spain. North America British America – British interests in North America (now generally parts of the United States and Canada) until 1783 when Britain accepted the United States as independent. The Maritime Provinces of Canada are the descending colonies of what was then the British Colonies of America. British Honduras – became Belize in 1981, disputed by Guatemala. British Leeward Islands – British colony between 1833 and 1958. Joined West Indies Federation in 1958. Now divided into the countries of Antigua and Barbuda and St Kitts and Nevis, and the dependencies of Anguilla, Montserrat and British Virgin Islands. British North America – Some British interests in North America after the territory of the 13 former colonies became recognized as a new independent country, the USA, in 1783 (note: the colonies in question were, at the time of independence, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; the land of the nominally newly independent territory included a number of Native American nations; also, entities that were already no longer colonies before independence included East Jersey, West Jersey, New Netherland, New Sweden, and Plymouth Colony.) British Windward Islands – British colony between 1833 and 1958. Joined West Indies Federation in 1958. Now divided into Dominica, Grenada, St Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines. Danish West Indies – Danish colony, sold in 1917 to the United States. Now known as the United States Virgin Islands. Mosquito Coast – British colony 1834-1894, when it became part of Nicaragua. New France was conquered by the United Kingdom; various parts of it later became part of Canada and the United States. New Netherland – A Dutch colony in the present-day United States, mainly in and around the state of New York. It was conquered by England in 1664. New Spain – The Spanish empire, from 1521 to 1821, the Americas with borders from California to the Carolinas, from Curaçao to Costa Rica, and from Colombia to Chile. The colony included Guam and the Philippines in Asia until 1898, Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean until 1898, parts of West Africa like Western Sahara, Liberia/Sierra Leone and Equatorial Guinea; and Oceania such as Micronesia and Solomon Islands. Spain briefly ruled over Portugal and its Portuguese colonies like Brazil, and throughout Africa and Asia from 1580 to 1640. Panama Canal Zone – US administered until 1979. Became part of Panama. The British colonies of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Upper Canada and Lower Canada (later, the Province of Canada), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland, plus the territory of Rupert's Land, spent much time reorganizing themselves into various patterns; they all eventually became part of Canada. Oceania German New Guinea – protectorate from 1884 until conquered by Australia in 1914, now part of Papua New Guinea. German Samoa – protectorate from 1900 until conquered by New Zealand in 1914, became independent as Western Samoa in 1961, renamed Samoa in 1997. Gilbert and Ellice Islands – British protectorate, later colony, dissolved 1976. Gilbert Islands became independent as Kiribati in 1979 and Ellice Islands became independent as Tuvalu in 1978. Philippine Islands – A territorial government under United States sovereignty in 1901-1935. Succeeded by the Commonwealth of the Philippines, also under United States sovereignty. Later independent as the Republic of the Philippines (1946). Netherlands East Indies – A collection of Dutch colonies, officially since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, up to 1799 controlled by the Dutch East India Company but occupied and administered by the British in an interregnum during the Napoleonic Wars under the authority of the Kew Letters. Became independent as Indonesia in 1945. Netherlands New Guinea – adjacent to the Netherlands East Indies until 1949, became part of Indonesia in 1963 as Irian Jaya. New Hebrides – An Anglo-French condominium until 1980. Became independent as Vanuatu. North Borneo – British colony, became part of Malaysia in 1963. Okinawa – administered by the United States from 1945 to 1972, when the island chain (Ryukyu Islands) was returned to Japan. Territory of Papua – British colony from 1884 until 1949, when it merged with the former German New Guinea to form Territory of Papua and New Guinea, which became independent as Papua New Guinea in 1975. Commonwealth of the Philippines – a territory of the USA, which became independent in 1946 as the Republic of the Philippines. Portuguese Timor – The eastern side of the island of Timor was a Portuguese colony until 1975, when independence was declared as East Timor. Indonesian troops seized the country, but the country was finally declared independent in 2002. Kingdom of Sarawak – Independent 1842, became a British protectorate 1888–1946. Spanish East Indies – Spanish colony in the Philippines and in Micronesia until 1898. After the Spanish-American War, portions were ceded to the United States while the rest were sold to Germany. The Straits Settlements – British colony until 1946. Singapore separated out, the rest united with the Federated Malay States and the five Unfederated Malay States to form Malayan Union. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (also known as United States Pacific Trust Territory) – Joint dependency of the USA and United Nations from 1947 until 1986. Now divided into Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and the US dependency of the Northern Marianas. The British colonies of Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and Tasmania all united to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. South America British Guiana – became Guyana in 1966, disputed by Venezuela. New Granada – A Spanish colony made up by present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela (which then included Trinidad and western Guyana). It was established in 1717 and dissolved in 1810 when Venezuela declared its independence. Surinam – A Dutch colony that became Suriname in 1975. Dismembered countries These states are now dissolved into a number of states, none of which retain the old name. Austria-Hungary – This double monarchy was formed in 1867 from the Habsburg empire, having an Austrian and a Hungarian part. In 1918, the empire was split into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia (itself later dismembered), Poland and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; itself later dismembered). Also the Lemko-Rusyn Republic, ceded to Poland. British India was partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947, while at the same time the larger British Indian Empire was dissolved, creating for a time some new independent states, notably Hyderabad. The secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971 brought another new country into existence. Federal Republic of Central America also incorrectly known in English as United States of Central America-- independent 1823; fell apart into separate states in civil war 1838–1840. Czechoslovakia – State created from parts of Austria-Hungary, which dissolved after World War I. During 1939 – 1945 was dismembered into Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Slovak State. In 1993 the country voluntarily split into two parts, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Gran Colombia – Simón Bolívar forged this state from parts of the Spanish Empire. It split into Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador. In 1863 New Granada changed its name to Colombia, and Panama gained its independence from it in 1903. Ireland before the British incorporated them in 1800, and when Ireland became an autonomous country in 1919, it was known as the "Four Provinces of Ireland" before 1922, when the Irish Free State was established. Mali Federation – In 1959 formed by Senegal and French Sudan, both parts of French West Africa, as an independent nation. It fell apart in 1960 into Senegal and Mali. Peru-Bolivian Confederacy – A union formed in 1836 by Peru and Bolivia and which lasted until 1839. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Commonwealth of the Two Nations) partitioned in 1772, 1793 and 1795 in three rounds among Russia, Prussia and Austria. These lands are further distributed today among Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (also known as Central African Federation) - This was a union of Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia into a British self-governing dominion, founded in 1953. It fell apart in 1964 with the independence of Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. Senegambia – Loose confederation between African countries of Senegal and the Gambia that existed from 1982 to 1989. Serbia and Montenegro – Loose state union of the two remaining republics of the former Yugoslavia that was founded in 2003. Both countries became independent following the May 2006 referendum which decided in favor of the secession of Montenegro. Soviet Union, more formally known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (or USSR). Formed in 1922. Dissolved 1991–1992 into its constituent republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. United Arab Republic – A union formed by Egypt and Syria in 1958, later to include North Yemen in 1960. It was dissolved in 1961, though Egypt used the name until 1971. Other Pan-Arab unity agreements with Iraq and Jordan of the 1950s failed. United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden/Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas) created during the Congress of Vienna in 1815, dissolved to Belgium (revolted 1830), Luxembourg (left 1835, but the personal union with the King as Grand Duke lasted until 1890) and Netherlands. United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1822) (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves/Royaume-Uni de Portugal, Brésil et des Algarves) created in 1815 when Brazil was upgraded to the rank of kingdom, once the Portuguese royal family was living in Rio de Janeiro since 1809. This vountry was dissolved in 1822 when Brazil became independent. West Indies Federation – Federal state created by the United Kingdom in 1958 which encompassed most of its possessions in the Caribbean. The federation collapsed after Jamaica voted to separate. Tu'i Tonga – Lost states such as Samoa, Fiji, and other parts of Polynesia to foreign powers (Britain, France, Germany and the United States) by 1900. Yugoslavia – State created from parts of Austria-Hungary and Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro in 1918. Re-created after World War II dissolved in 1991.[2] (Slovenia and Croatia declared independence in June 1991, Macedonia in September 1991, Bosnia and Herzegovina in April 1992. In 1992 Serbia and Montenegro founded a new country, FR Yugoslavia, that was later, in 2003, renamed into Serbia and Montenegro. Serbia and Montenegro itself was dismembered into its constituent republics of Serbia and Montenegro in June, 2006. Kosovo would later break away from Serbia to form its own nation. Renamed countries Main article: Geographical renaming These country names have been replaced. Only major and/or famous cases are listed, there are thousands of relatively obscure former names. Abyssinia was a name formerly used for most of Ethiopia Dahomey was a name formerly used for Benin from 1960 until 1975. Burma – Renamed Myanmar in 1989. The United States and some other nations do not recognize the ruling military junta of Myanmar and hence do not accept the legitimacy of the name change, continuing to use the name Burma in official communications. Central African Empire – temporary phase (1976–1979) in the existence of the Central African Republic. Ceylon – English name of Sri Lanka until 1972. Always known as "Sri Lanka" in the native Sinhalese Language. Empire of China – temporary phase (1915–1916) in the existence of the Republic of China. Irish Free State – renamed Éire (in Irish) and Ireland (in English) in 1937. Adopted the description Republic of Ireland in 1949. Ivory Coast – requested to be known as its untranslated name of Côte d'Ivoire in 1986. (Many languages keep on using their own translations of the name: Spanish: Costa de Marfil, Portuguese: Costa do Marfim, German: Elfenbeinküste, Dutch: Ivoorkust, Estonian: Elevandiluurannik) Democratic Kampuchea – Name of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, before reverting to the original (1949 to 1975) name. Dominion of India (a.k.a. "Union of India") existed between 1947 and 1950. It became a republic in 1950 and took the name Republic of India. Hungarian Soviet Republic - temporary phase (March–August 1919) in the existence of Hungary. Khmer Republic – Name of Cambodia from 1970 to 1975. New Connecticut – Briefly, in 1777, the name of what became the Vermont Republic. Persia – Name of Iran in the west until 1935. Locally it has always been called Iran. Mesopotamia – Name of Iraq until 1930. Rhodesia – From 1965 until 1980 when it became Zimbabwe. Siam – Name of Thailand until 1939. Transjordan – Renamed to Jordan in 1946. Trucial States – Became United Arab Emirates in 1971. Union of South Africa existed between 1910 and 1961. It became a republic in 1961 and took the name Republic of South Africa. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland renamed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 (26 of Ireland's 32 counties left the UK in 1922). Upper Volta – Former name of Burkina Faso from 1960 until 1984. Western Samoa - Name of Samoa from 1961 until 1997. Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes renamed into Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia renamed into Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. Zaire – Name of Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1971 to 1997. Nominally independent homelands of South Africa Four of the homelands, or bantustans, for black South Africans, were granted nominal independence from South Africa. Not recognised by other nations, these puppet states were re-incorporated in 1994. Bophuthatswana – Declared independent in 1977, reincorporated in 1994. Ciskei – Declared independent in 1981, reincorporated in 1994. Transkei – Declared independent in 1976, reincorporated in 1994. Venda – Declared independent in 1979, reincorporated in 1994. Secessionist states These nations declared themselves independent, but failed to achieve it in fact or did not seek permanent independence and were either re-incorporated into the mother country or incorporated into another country. Republic of Acre – Declared independence from Bolivia in 1899. Annexed by Brazil in 1903. Bavarian Soviet Republic - Proclaimed independent in April 1919, reincorporated into Germany four weeks later. Biafra – Declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967. Defeated and reincorporated in 1970. California – declared independence from Mexico in June 1846, claimed by U.S. Navy for United States in July 1846. California – Mexico's commander in California, Pío Pico, abandoned the Californios, Mexicans living in California, who organized an army to defend themselves from the United States. The Californios defeated an American force in Los Angeles on September 30, 1846, and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo accepting American sovereignty over California on February 2, 1848. Carpatho-Ukraine – declared independence from Czechoslovakia in 1939, but was annexed by Hungary within a few days. Cartagena Canton – the haven city of Cartagena, Spain seceded from the First Spanish Republic in 1873. Chechnya – Virtually independent from Russia from 1996 as Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, however the country was recognized only by Taliban. After terrorist attacks in 1999 the republic was returned to Russia's control in the Second Chechen War. Confederate States of America – Declared its independence from the United States in 1861, reincorporated, 1861–1865. Corsican Republic – Seceded from Genoa in 1755, annexed by France in 1769. Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794–1796) Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, declared independence from Ukraine in 1992 but soon settled for being an autonomous republic within Ukraine. Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia – Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1994. Cruzob, achieved independence from Mexico in 1856, but was reannexed in 1901. Ezo – declared independence from Japan in 1868 after the defeat of the forces of the Tokugawa shogunate during the Boshin War until it was reincorporated into Japan in 1869 Republic of Formosa – Lasted from May to October 1895 after the island was ceded by China to Japan and the local gentry and officials declared a tributary republic in a failed attempt to avert Japanese annexation. Green Ukraine – Declared independence from Far Eastern Republic in 1920, dissolved in 1922. Italian Social Republic (1943–1945) Katanga – Declared its independence of the newly formed Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, was incorporated again into the country in 1963. Manitoba – short-lived republic led by Thomas Spence, declared after the Hudson's Bay Company gave up Rupert's Land and before the government of Canada took control (1867). Red River Rebellion – provisional government in Rupert's Land, led by Louis Riel in (1869–1870). Rif Republic 1921-1926 Republic of the Rio Grande ('Republic of Texas') declared independence in 1840, brought back into Mexico by force less than a year later, encompassed the land of the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and parts of the United States state of Texas. Republic of Serbian Krajina - declared independence from Croatia in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 1995. South Kasai - declared independence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in June 1960, reincorporated into the country in December 1961. Slovak Soviet Republic - Proclaimed independent in July 1919, incorporated into Czechoslovakia three weeks later. Republika Srpska - Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1995. Republic of Texas – Gained its independence from Mexico in 1836. Annexed by the United States in 1845. Principality of Trinidad – Declared independence in 1893, claimed by United Kingdom in 1895, but incorporated by Brazil. Republic of Prekmurje (1919) Ukrainian People's Republic – declared independence after the Russian Revolution of 1917, but fell to the Soviet Union in 1920. Annexed countries These nations, once separate, are now part of another country. Cases of voluntary accession are included. Republic of Alsace-Lorraine – Formed after the collapse of the German Empire at the end of World War I, 11 days later it was occupied by and incorporated in France. British Somaliland – became part of Somalia, but has since asserted its independence as the Somaliland republic. Regency of Carnaro in 1919 and Free State of Fiume 1920–1924, two short-lived states in the port city of Fiume/Rijeka proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio. Following World War I, the city was disputed between Italy and Yugoslavia, and eventually captured by Italy in 1921. The city passed to Yugoslavia after World War II and is now in Croatia. Chan Santa Cruz Maya state in eastern Yucatán peninsula, recognized as independent nation by British Empire in 1850s; now part of Mexico. Cospaia – A tiny republic which lasted for centuries before being divided between Tuscany and the Papal States in 1826. Couto Mixto – A tiny 10th century border territory that was split between Spain and Portugal in 1864-8. Crete – autonomous under Ottoman suzerainty in 1898, unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908, which was recognized in 1913. Eastern Rumelia – province of the Ottoman Empire unified with Bulgaria in 1885 Germany was enlarged twice since the 1950s, growing from 10 to 16 federal states: the Saarland, a French protectorate, joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in 1990 joined the Federal Republic of Germany (until then known as West Germany), but not as a whole, divided in five newly recreated states (Bundesländer). Far Eastern Republic – puppet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1920–1922 Franceville – Independent in 1889, later governed by France and Britain as part of the New Hebrides; now part of Vanuatu. Republic of Hatay - Part of the Mandate of Syria that became part of Turkey; independent 1938–1939 The Kingdom of Hawaii was unified in 1810 under Kamehameha I, and was recognized by the United States as an independent nation from 1826 until January 17, 1893. Following the overthrow of the monarchy it existed as the independent Republic of Hawaii until annexation by the United States in 1898. Became the territory, and then the state, of Hawaii. Indian Princely States Republic of Indian Stream – 1832–1835, now part of U.S. Italian Somaliland – Became part of Somalia. Kalat – 1666 to 1955, became part of Pakistan. Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic – annexed by Russia, upon the collapse of the Soviet Union became the autonomous Republic of Karelia. Never independent. Manchukuo – Japanese puppet state in Manchuria from 1931 until 1945. Reincorporated into China in 1945. Free States of Menton and Roquebrune – Seceded from Monaco in 1848, under nominal protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia, then annexed by France in 1861. Moldavia – Now divided among Romania, Moldova and Ukraine. Kingdom of Montenegro – annexed to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1922. Moresnet – 1816–1920, A tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium. Natalia Republic – 1839–1843, was quickly made into a British colony Newfoundland – Existed as an autonomous colony of the United Kingdom from 1855 to 1907, then a sovereign dominion until 1934 when it reverted to a crown colony. It joined in Confederation with Canada in 1949. Orange Free State – This country was independent from 1854 to 1900, when it was incorporated into South Africa. It was one of two Boer republics, along with the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic). Islands of Refreshment – The islands of Tristan da Cunha were settled in 1810 and declared independence in 1811. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1815. Ryukyu Kingdom – established in 1429, recognized by China as of 1372 as Chūzan; conquered by Japan's Satsuma Domain in 1609; formally annexed in 1879, following the Meiji Restoration. Kingdom of Sikkim merged with India in 1975. State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs – created in 1918 and joined Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after existing for just one month. South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) and North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) in 1990 united to form Yemen Islamic Republic of Tatarstan – 1992 until annexed by the Russian Federation in 1994. Tavolara – 1836–1934; never formally annexed, but occupied by an Italian military base c. 1962. Republic of Texas – Annexed by United States in 1846. Tibet – A unified Tibetan empire was created in the 8th century. Mongol conquests in the 13th century made Tibet part of a Mongol-ruled Chinese empire, and four centuries later the Manchu-ruled Qing Dynasty formed a patron-priest relationship with Tibet's spiritual rulers.[3] In 1914, China refused to ratify a treaty which would have granted China suzerainty over "Inner Tibet" and "Outer Tibet," establishing direct rule over the former and leaving the latter autonomous.[4] In 1950, a Chinese army invaded Tibet. The region remains under Chinese control. Transvaal Republic (South African Republic) – Independent country before becoming part of the British Empire during the Second Boer War in 1902 and is currently part of South Africa. It was one of two Boer republics, the other was the Orange Free State. Transylvania – Semi-independent before becoming part of Austria-Hungary. Became part of Romania after World War I. Tuva Urjanchai Republic 1911-1914, annexed by Russia Tuvan People's Republic (Tannu Tuva), 1921-1944, annexed by Soviet Union, founding member of Russian Federation in 1992 Vermont Republic – Republic of Vermont existed from 1777 until 1791, when Vermont became the 14th state of the United States. Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) – conquered by the North Vietnam in 1975, which then ruled the South through the Vietcong, or Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam. North and South were merged in 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Wallachia – United with Moldavia to form Romania in 1859. Republic of West Florida (1810) Republic of Yucatán 1823,1841-1848; became part of Mexico Zanzibar – Zanzibar merged in 1964 with Tanganyika to become Tanzania. Zanzibar was not annexed, but joined through a free referendum. |
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