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Northern Africa Morocco (Maghreb al-Aksa) Saadi principality of Sus and Tagmadert (proclaimed in 1509, independence recognized through the treaty of Tadla, reunified with Morocco after the Saadi dynasty overthrew the Wattasid dynasty in 1554) Naqsid principality of Tetouan (independence from Morocco in 1597, annexed to Morocco in 1673) Republic of Bou Regreg (independence from Morocco in 1627, annexed to Morocco in 1668) Alaouite principality of Tafilalet (1631–1666, reunified with Morocco as the Alaouite dynasty seized control of the whole country) Egypt and Sudan Sultanate of Sennar - annexed by Egypt in 1821 Sultanate of Darfur - annexed by Egypt in 1874 Modern Algeria (Central Maghreb) Kingdom of Tlemcen (independence from the Almohad Empire in 1235, annexed to the Regency of Algiers in 1556) Sub-Saharan Africa Mauritius Dutch Mauritius - conquered by Dutch (1638–1710) Isle de France - conquered by France (1715–1810) British Mauritius - fell to the United Kingdom (1810–1968) Horn of Africa Adal Sultanate 1415–1559 Ajuuraan Empire 13th century–17th century Aussa Sultanate 1734–? Sultanate of Hobyo 1878–early 20th century Majeerteen Sultanate mid-18th century–early 20th century Marehan Sultanate 17th-19th century? Sultanate of Mogadishu 12th-16th century, absorbed into Ajuuraan Empire Warsangali Sultanate (1298–1886), (1897–1960) Western Africa Kingdom of Mali (c. 1230–c. 1600) Songhai Empire (c. 1340–1591, annexed by Morocco) Jolof Empire (1350–1549) Empire of Great Fulo (Denanke Kingdom) (1490–1776) Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1851) Aro Confederacy - fell to the United Kingdom in 1902 Ashanti Empire - fell to the United Kingdom in 1900 Bamana Empire (1712–1861) Benin - fell in 1897 to the United Kingdom Bundu - fell to France in 1851 Dahomey - conquered by France in 1894 Dendi - annexed by France 1901 Fante Confederacy - 1874, to the United Kingdom Fulani Empire – annexed by France and the United Kingdom in 1903 Futa Jallon - fell to France in 1896 Futa Toro (1725–1861) Kaabu (1537–1867) Republic of Maryland (1854-1857) Mossi States - conquered by France 1894–95 Oyo Empire - made a British protectorate in 1888 Kingdom of Sine - became a French protectorate Toucouleur Empire - fell to France in 1890 Wassoulou Empire - annexed by France in 1898 Independent State of Azawad (2012) African Great Lakes Buganda 14th century until made a British protectorate in 1894, within Uganda, revolt 1897-98 Bunyoro 13th century until made a British protectorate in 1897 Ankole Made a British protectorate in 1901 Toro Kingdom 1830-1876 Busoga Kingdom of Rwanda 11th century until made a German protectorate in 1894 Kingdom of Burundi 1680?–1885, part of German East Africa in 1899; independent kingdom 1962-1966 when republic declared Wituland Sultanate 1858-1885 - became German and then British protectorate Pemba mid-13th century Sultanate of Zanzibar, pre-1503/4, 1856–1890,1963-1964 People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba 1964 - merged to form Tanzania Merina Kingdom 1540–1897 (Madagascar) Tanganyika 1961–1962 - merged to form Tanzania Central Africa Kanem-Borno (11th century to 1900) Ouaddai - fell to France in 1912 Baguirmi - fell to France in 1897 Anziku - became a French protectorate in 1875 Kongo - annexed by Portugal in 1914 Matamba (1631–1744) Ndongo - fell to Portugal in 1671 Kasanje - annexed by Portugal in 1910 Kuba - fell to Belgium in 1900 Kazembe Yeke - fell to Belgium in 1891 Luba - fell to Belgium in 1889 Lunda - annexed by Belgium, Portugal and United Kingdom in 1887 Southern Africa Barotseland - annexed by United Kingdom in 1900 South African Republic (Transvaal) - 1856–1877, 1881–1902 Orange Free State 1854–1902 Kingdom of Butua 1450–c. 1683 Matabeleland ?-1891 - became British protectorate Gaza Empire 1824–1895 - fell to Portugal Kingdom of Mutapa (1430–1760) Zulu Kingdom - 1816–1897, fell to United Kingdom Basutoland ? - 1868, to the United Kingdom Ndebele Kingdom 1830s-1889 - became British protectorate Rozvi Empire 1684–1834 Asia East Asia Chinese Soviet Republic in Jiangxi Province (1931–1937) Korean Empire (1897–1910) Republic of Ezo (1869) Republic of Formosa (1895, Taiwan) Hunan Soviet in a continental Chinese province (1927) Manchukuo (1932–1945) Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992) Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944) Tibet (1912–51) Southeast Asia Champa kingdom 192–1832 Pattani kingdom 1516–1902 Republic of Lanfang 1777–1884 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841-1941, 1945-1946 Sultanate of Malacca 1400–1511 Sultanate of Mataram 1588–1681 Sultanate of Aceh 1496–1903 Sultanate of Banten 1527–1813 Sultanate of Cirebon 1445–1677 Sultanate of Demak 1475–1548 Kingdom of Pajang 15681–1586 Sultanate of Palembang ?–1821 North Vietnam 1945–1976 South Vietnam 1954–1975 In Burma Mon kingdoms (9th–11th, 13th–16th, 18th centuries) Ava (1364–1555) Pegu (1287–1539, 1747–1757) Mrauk U (1434–1784) Taungoo Dynasty (1486–1752, 2nd Empire) Konbaung Dynasty (1752–1885, 3rd Empire) Shan States (1287–1557) Arakan (1287–1784) In the Philippines Sultanate of Maguindanao 1500–1888 Sultanate of Sulu 1457–1917 Kingdom of Maynila 1500s–1571 Confederation of Madya-as 1200s–1569 Kingdom of Tondo unknown–1589 Kingdom of Namayan 13th century–1571 Sultanate of Rajah Buayan[when?] South Asia In the Indian subcontinent: Mughal Empire (1526–1857) Maratha Empire (1674–1820) Bijapur Sultanate (Adil Shahi dynasty, 1490–1686) Sikh Empire (1799–1849) Sikkim (1642-1853,1890-1975) United Suvadive Republic (1959–1963) Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1947) Hyderabad (1724–1948) Travancore (1500s–1947) Cochin State (circa 12th century–1947) Kharan (1697–1948) Las Bela (1742–1948) Makran (18th century – 1948) Pandyan Dynasty (before 500 BC–16th century AD) Central Asia In Afghanistan Durrani Empire (1747–1823) West Asia Anatolia Ottoman Empire (c. 1281–1923) Mesopotamia Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922–1924) Kingdom of Iraq (1921–1958) Arab Federation (1958) Persia Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Gilan (Iran) (1920–1921) Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947) Levant Kingdom of Arab Syria (1920) Alawite State in coastal Syria (1920–1936 under French mandate of Syria) Jabal el Druze (state) (1921–1936 under French mandate of Syria) State of Aleppo (1920–1925 under French mandate of Syria) State of Damascus (1920–1925 under French mandate of Syria) Arabian Peninsula Emirate of Diriyah (1744–1812) Emirate of Nejd (1812–1891) Trucial States (1820–1971) Muscat and Oman (1820–1970) Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921) Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1906–1934) Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1902–1921) Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1925) Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925) Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz (1926–1932) Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962) Federation of Arab Emirates of the South 1959–1962 Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990) Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967) People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990) Republic of Kuwait (1990) Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994) Europe See also: Former countries in Europe after 1815 Nordic countries In the Nordic countries, unions were personal, not unitary Grand Duchy of Finland (a.k.a. Grand Principality of Finland) in personal union with imperial Russia (1809–1917) Finnish Democratic Republic (1939-1940) Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic in southern Finland (1918) Kingdom of Finland (1742) Kingdom of Finland (1918) (1918-1919) Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) Kalmar Union (1397–1523, intermittent) Denmark–Norway (1524–1814) Union between Sweden and Norway (1814–1905) Modern France Duchy of Brittany (851–1532) Kingdom of France (843–1792) (1814/15-1848) French First Republic (1792–1804) First French Empire (1804–1814/15) French Second Republic (1848–1852) Second French Empire (1852–1870) French Third Republic (1870–1940) Vichy France (1940–1944) French Fourth Republic (1946–1958) Kingdom of Corsica (1736) Corsican Republic (1755–1769) Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794–1796) County of Foix (1010-1607) Free States of Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1860) Modern Germany Holy Roman Empire (843–1806) Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) German Confederation (1815–1866) North German Federation (1867–1871) German Empire (1871–1918) Weimar Republic (1919–1933) Nazi Germany (Third Reich 1933–1945) Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), Bundesrepublik Deutschland (BRD) (also called West Germany 1949–1990) succeeded the German Reich in 1949, expanded in 1957 and 1990 German Democratic Republic (1949–1990) (also called GDR, DDR, East Germany or Eastern Germany), its states acceded to Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 Alsace-Lorraine (1918) Alsace Soviet Republic (1918) Anhalt (Duchy 1863–1918) Anhalt-Bernburg (Duchy 1803–1863, inherited by the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau) Anhalt-Dessau (Duchy 1807–1863) Anhalt-Köthen (Duchy 1807–1847, inherited by the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau) Baden (Grand Duchy – 1806–1918) Free State of Bavaria (Kingdom – 1806–1918) Bavarian Soviet Republic Bremen Brunswick Frankfurt (Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (HRE), before 1806; City of Frankfurt, 1815–1866) Hamburg (Free city until today) Kingdom of Hanover (1814–1866) Hesse-Darmstadt Hesse-Homburg Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (Electorate, 1803–1807, 1813–1866) Hohenzollern-Hechingen Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Holstein Lippe Lübeck (Free city 1226–1937) Mecklenburg-Schwerin Mecklenburg-Strelitz Nassau Oldenburg Prussia (1525–1947) Duchy of Prussia (1525–1618) Brandenburg-Prussia (1618–1701) Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918) Reuss Saxe-Altenburg Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Saxe-Gotha Saxe-Hildburghausen Saxe-Lauenburg (or Duchy of Lauenburg) Saxe-Meiningen Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Saxony (Kingdom – 1806–1918) Schaumburg-Lippe Schleswig Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Waldeck Württemberg (Kingdom – 1806–1918) For the hundreds of feudal states of various size (mainly Kleinstaaterei) and nature that were part of the non-centralised Holy Roman Empire (mainly in Germany, Austria, Benelux countries and various neighbouring regions), see List of states in the Holy Roman Empire. Historical states of Italy Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802) Cispadane Republic (1796–1797) Republic of Cospaia (1440–1826) Sovereign Principality of Elba (1814–1815) Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807) Gozo (1798-1800) Italian Republic (Napoleonic) (1802–1805) Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) (1805–1814) Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866) Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847) Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1530–1798) Duchy of Mantua (1273–1707) Duchy of Massa and Carrara (15th to 19th centuries) Duchy of Milan (1395–1797) Duchy of Modena (1452–1796, 1815–1859) Kingdom of Naples (1285–1816) Duchy of Parma (1545–1859) Papal States (752–1870) Roman Republic (19th century) (1849) Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1861) Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816) Transpadane Republic (1796–1797) Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569–1801, 1815–1859) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1815–1860) Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954) Republic of Venice (697–1797) Modern United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800) Kingdom of England (927–1707) Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707) Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and (1659–1660) The Protectorate (1653–1659) Significant territory changes occurred in the overseas possessions of the UK, referred to as the British Empire at times during the period 1497-1997. Ireland Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541) Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1801) Kingdom of Uí Failghe Kingdom of Leinster Kingdom of Connacht Republic of Connacht (1798) Irish Republic (1919–1922) - see also Southern Ireland (1920–1922) Irish Free State (1922–1937) Low Countries Prince-Bishopric of Liège (972–1795) annexed by France in 1795. United Belgian States (1789–1790) Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795) (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën) Independence from Spain after Eighty Years' War in 1581, conquered by Napoleon 1795. Batavian Republic (1795–1806) (Bataafse Republiek) France's vassal state. Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) (Koninkrijk Holland/Royaume d'Hollande) Ruled by Louis Bonaparte, annexed by France 1810. Neutral Moresnet (1816–1920) Belgo-Prussian condominium. Modern Poland Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) Lemko-Rusyn Republic (1918–1920) Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815) Free City of Danzig (1807–1815) (1920–1939) Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920) Republic of Kraków (1815–1846) Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) People's Republic of Poland (1944–1989) Baltic Countries Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century-1795) Kingdom of Lithuania (1918) Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) Republic of Central Lithuania (1920–1922) Duchy of Courland (1561–1795) Republic of Perloja (1918–1923) Russia Tsardom of Russia (1547-1721) Russian Empire (1721–1917) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, including the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which became post-communist republics; (1922–1991) Soviet Republic of Naissaar on an Estonian Baltic island (1917-1918) Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1941) Hungary Hungarian Soviet Republic (March 1919-August 1919) Kingdom of Hungary (1000-1918) Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946) Republic of Hungary (1946–1949) People's Republic of Hungary (1949–1989) Czech Republic and Slovakia Kingdom of Bohemia Slovak Soviet Republic First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) Third Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1948) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1989) Czechoslovak Federal Republic (1989–1993) Balkans First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) Principality of Zeta (1371–1514) Serbian Despotate (1402–1459) Kingdom of Croatia (925–1527) Habsburg Empire, Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary (1527–1918) Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463) Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808) Principality of Serbia (1817–1882) Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918) First French Empire (Illyrian Provinces) (1809–1812) Principality of Montenegro (1852–1910) Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918) State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) Republic of Prekmurje (1919) Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1943) Free State of Fiume (1920–1924) Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1943–1992) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990) Principality of Moldavia (1346–1859) Principality of Wallachia (1330–1859) United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1881) Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947) People's Republic of Romania (1947–1965) Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1990) Septinsular Republic (1800–1815) United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864) First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832) Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924, 1935–1941, 1944-1974) Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935) Hellenic State (1941–1944) Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1991) Ottoman Empire (c. 1281–1923) Republic of Venice (1205–1797) Caucasus Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1466) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (February 1918 – May 1918) Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) Republic of Mountainous Armenia (April 1921 – July 1921) Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–1920) Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) Iberia Kingdom of Navarre (824–1620) Crown of Aragon (1162–1716) Crown of Castile (1230–1715) Emirate of Granada (1238–1492) Couto Mixto (10th century–1868) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (1139–1910) North America The following text needs to be harmonized with text in List of pre-modern states. Name Location Origin Fate Notes Indigenous peoples of the Americas The whole of North America (including the Inuit of the Arctic). Native Americans in the United States and the First Nations of Canada had established varying levels of governmental organization before contact with Europeans. The most advanced civilizations of North America were represented by the indigenous peoples in Mexico and Central America. All the native peoples were eventually incorporated into the United States, Mexico, Canada and Central America, but many retain various levels of self-government and autonomy within those nations. Cahokia Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, Kentucky and parts of Ohio. The population of the town at Cahokia exploded circa 1050 AD, indicating the establishment of a large "chiefdom". The population of Cahokia dispersed in the 14th century, indicating the decline of the Cahokia "chiefdom". Other political bodies existed in the Mississippian culture; the Mississippian culture article has a list of Known Mississippian Chiefdoms. Huron Confederacy Central Ontario. Confederacy of five Iroquoian tribes and several smaller groups. Controlled trade in corn and furs in the upper Great Lakes area and sporadically through the Ottawa and St. Lawrence River valleys. The Hurons were dispersed by the Iroquois in 1649. Many fled to the northern Lake Michigan region and Quebec, while a large group joined the Iroquois. Iroquois Confederacy Upstate New York and surrounding areas. Formed before European contact; arguably as early as 31 August 1142, though also likely sometime in the 15th to 17th centuries. The Treaty of Canandaigua, signed in 1794, established relations between the United States government and the Iroquois; the treaty is still in force, though the Confederacy is no longer effectively an independent nation. Cherokee Nation Originally in the southeastern United States, primarily Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and parts of Alabama and Tennessee. Parts of The Nation (and its government structures) ended up in present-day Oklahoma. The original Cherokee Nation was unified from an interrelated society of city-states in the late 18th century. They enjoyed relatively peaceful relations with the Spanish, British, French, and later (with the exception of the Chickamauga factions), to the USA. The modern Cherokee Nation, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians are the three federally recognized tribal successors to the original Cherokee Nation, being somewhat autonomous within the United States. Vermont Republic State of Vermont. Organized by Ethan Allen and others in 1777 from territory claimed by New York and New Hampshire. Admitted as a state to the United States of America in 1791. They were originally a part of British North America via the newly conquered province of Quebec. Originally known as Republic of New Connecticut, it had the first written national constitution in North America.[citation needed] State of Franklin Northeastern part of the Washington District, North Carolina (easternmost Tennessee). Seceded from North Carolina 23 August 1784. Government was largely abandoned and the area officially re-incorporated into North Carolina in 1789. Applied for admission to the United States as a separate state. Whether Franklin considered itself independent of the United States is unclear. State of Muskogee Western Florida, near Tallahassee, might have claimed parts of Georgia (U.S. state) and Alabama. Creek and Seminole Indians under English adventurer William Augustus Bowles declared independence in 1799. Annexed by Spain in 1803. First Mexican Empire All of modern day Mexico, parts of modern day United States (California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Texas with parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas and Oklahoma) and Central America (without Panama). After independence from the Kingdom of Spain, Mexico decided on a monarchical system of government, backed by Mexican conservatives and some liberals. A European prince was sought, but Spain prohibited any from taking the throne. Agustín I, in the meantime, was proclaimed emperor of Mexico in 1821. In December 1822, Generals Antonio López de Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria wrote and signed the Plan of Casa Mata, an agreement between the two generals, amongst other Mexican generals, governors, and high-ranking governmental officials, to abolish the monarchy and replace it with the United Mexican States, which was done in 1823. Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, head of the Second Mexican Empire, adopted Agustin's grandsons. Their descendants live in exile. Republic of West Florida Gulf Coast of the United States, parts of present-day Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Rebelled and declared independence from Spain on 3 September 1810. The Republic lasted only 90 days. It was annexed by proclamation of U.S. President James Madison and forced by the U.S. Army to accept foreign rule upon its entry to Baton Rouge on December 10, 1810. West Florida was split between the Territory of Orleans and the Mobile District. Spain formally relinquished its claim under the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819. Republic of Indian Stream Pittsburg, New Hampshire Formed 9 July 1832 in territory claimed by both the United States and Great Britain, where the treaty description of the border was unclear. Voted to annex to the United States in 1835, Britain relinquished claim in January 1836, and U.S. jurisdiction was acknowledged around May 1836. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842 settled several U.S.-British border disputes dating from 1783, including the division of the former area of Indian Stream. Republic of Texas Texas and some surrounding territory. Seceded from Mexico in 1836. Voluntarily annexed to the United States of America and admitted as a state in 1845. Annexation to the U.S. triggered the Mexican-American War the next year 1846. California Republic California, though based in Northern California. American settlers declared independence from Mexico in June 1846. Skirmish controlled by U.S. Navy in July 1846 after the United States' occupation of present-day California. The area of influence was confined to Sonoma, California, 30 miles north of San Francisco; it did not cover the large area that became the present-day state of California in 1850. Alta California Southern California, centered in San Jose and Santa Barbara. After U.S. occupation of Los Angeles in 1846, the Californios revolted and defeated an American force on 30 September 1846, and organized a government and an army. Signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo accepting American sovereignty over California on 2 February 1848. By November 1846, the Californios had gained back control of all the territory south of San Francisco, leaving America in control of just San Diego and Monterey.[1] Confederate States of America Southeastern United States of America, from Texas to Virginia. Political factions in the "border states" of Kentucky and Missouri declared themselves parts of the Confederacy and controlled small portions of those states early in the war. The major Indian tribes in Oklahoma signed an alliance with the Confederacy, and participated in its military efforts. Seceded from United States of America in 1861. Reintegrated into United States of America in 1865. Reconstruction ended in 1876, US troops withdrew as an occupation force in 1877. South Carolina was the first state to secede on Dec 20, 1860. Second Mexican Empire Modern day Mexico Mexico's second monarchy was formed when Napoleon III set Maximilian I, of the House of Habsburg, on the throne of Mexico in 1864. His consort was Carlota of Mexico, a Belgian princess. France occupied Mexico, starting in 1861. Many Mexicans, including the nobility, backed his government. Maximiliano's rule was blemished by constant conflict. Liberals found backing from United States after the Civil War in 1865, and the French withdrew in 1867, leaving Maximilian and his supporters on their own. Maximilian was captured and, on orders of Benito Juárez, executed in the Cerro de las Campanas near Querétaro. Republic of Manitoba Manitoba Founded in June 1867 by Thomas Spence at the town of Portage la Prairie in Rupert's Land or the "Northwest Territories". By late spring 1868, the Republic had been informed by the Colonial Office in London that its government had no power. The Province of Manitoba was organized within Canada on 12 May 1870, and promised the Metis people of Manitoba an autonomous government. The Great Republic of Rough and Ready Northern California Hoping to avoid paying a recently introduced tax on new mining claims, in April 1850 residents of the town of Rough and Ready drew up articles of secession, forming the "Great Republic of Rough and Ready." The new country lasted only three months, until an Independence Day change of heart convinced the miners to vote themselves back into the union. Dominion of Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador. A former Crown Colony which had rejected confederation with Canada in 1869, the Dominion of Newfoundland was established on 26 September 1907. Newfoundland entered into confederation with Canada on 31 March 1949, becoming a province. In 1934, Newfoundland voluntarily gave up self-government and reverted to direct control from London. Olmec nation In and around Veracruz and Tabasco. Arose approximately 1200 BC. Decline through approximately 400 BC. First people to use zero. Toltec kingdom/empire Central Mexico. sometime after 750. Destroyed by Chichimeca ("barbarian") invasions around 12th century AD. Aztec Empire Central Mexico, might extended northward to present-day U.S. by the Mexican border, and southward towards Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras). 1325, founded Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City). 1521, conquered by Hernán Cortés. When he and his crew first arrived in 1519, it was thought to be the world's largest city. Tlaxcala nation Tlaxcala, Mexico, north of Mexico City. unknown (present in 1521). Absorbed by Spanish conquest into New Spain. Never conquered by Aztec Empire, assisted Hernán Cortés in his campaign against the Aztecs in 1520. Zapotec kingdom Oaxaca and surrounding areas of southern Mexico. unknown (present in 1521). Submitted to Spain in 1551 after previous resistance against the Spaniards. Maya civilization Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize. Political structures formed by about 250 AD. Last Mayan kingdom conquered on 13 March 1697 by the Spaniards, and later the British in Belize. Mayan political structures tended to center around the person of the king; even when one king conquered another, the result was usually a tributary arrangement, and the identity of the conquered kingdom persisted. Northern America Viceroyalty of New Spain and Captaincy General of Guatemala Withdrew from Spain on November 6, 1813. It became the Mexican Empire. The United Provinces of Central America seceded from Mexico one year later (1814). Republic of the Rio Grande Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas, and the U.S. state of Texas along the Rio Grande. Withdrew from Mexico on 17 January 1840. General Canales, commander of the forces of the Republic of the Rio Grande, accepted a command in the Mexican Army on 6 November 1840. The Republic of the Rio Grande claimed territory north to the Nueces River and the upper Medina River, territory also claimed by the Republic of Texas by 1845. Republic of Yucatán Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico (The modern states of Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo) were later separated from the state of Yucatán. Declared independence 1840, due to dislike of centralization of Mexican government. Resolved differences with central government and rejoined partially to Mexico in December 1843 with self-government. Rejoined Mexico to obtain assistance against Mayans in the Caste War of Yucatán, treaty signed 17 August 1848. Republic of Yucatán declared neutrality in Mexican-American War 1846–48. United Provinces of Central America Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica with a southern portion of Chiapas, Mexico. Formed in aftermath of independence from Spain in 1823. Confederation dissolved civil war in 1840. Attempts were made to reunite in 1842–44, 1852, the 1880s, 1896–98 and 1921–22. Chan Santa Cruz Quintana Roo Territory. Formed during the Caste War of Yucatán, named about 1850. The eponymous capital was conquered by Mexico on 5 May 1901, though low-level fighting persisted for another 10 years. Withdrawal of British recognition and end of trade with Belize in 1893 led to eventual reconquest by Mexico. Republic of Sonora Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora Declared an independent state by filibuster William Walker January 10, 1854. Disestablished May 8, 1854. After he was captured William Walker was put on trial in California and acquitted by the jury. See also: :Category:Former countries in North America Oceania Tuʻi Tonga Empire (c. 450-1865) Kingdom of Bora Bora (till 1888 or 1895) Kingdom of Raiatea (till 1888, French protectorate since 1880) Kingdom of Huahine (till 1895, French protectorate since 1888) Kingdom of Tahiti (1788/91-1880, French protectorate since 1842) Kingdom of Rurutu (till 1900, French protectorate since 1888) Kingdom of Rimatara (till 1901, French protectorate since 1888) Kingdom of Tahuata (till 1880, French protectorate since 1842) Kingdom of Rapa Iti (till 1881, kingship continued to 1887) Kingdom of Mangareva (till 1881, French protectorate since 1844) Taiohae Kingdom of Nuku Hiva (till 1901, sovereignty ceded to France in 1842) British Solomon Islands (1893–1978) Kingdom of Fiji (1871–1874) Colonial Fiji (1874–1970) Dominion of Fiji (1970–1987) Kingdom of Hawaii (1795–1893) Provisional Cession of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands (1843) Provisional Government of Hawaii (1893–1894) Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898) Patu-iki or Kingdom of Niue (c. 1700–1900) Kingdom of Rarotonga (1858–1893) Cook Islands Federation (1893–1901) Saudeleur Dynasty (ca. 1100 – ca. 1628) Kingdom of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) (till 1888) New Hebrides (1906–1980) Kingdom of Nauru (till 1888) German New Guinea – German protectorate from 1884 until conquered by Australia in 1914; now part of Papua New Guinea. German Samoa – German protectorate from 1900 until conquered by New Zealand in 1914. Became independent as Western Samoa in 1961; renamed Samoa in 1997. Gilbert and Ellice Islands – British protectorate, later colony, dissolved 1976. Gilbert Islands became independent as Kiribatiin 1979 and Ellice Islands became independent as Tuvalu in 1978. Philippine Islands – A territorial government under United States sovereignty in 1901-1935. Succeeded by the Commonwealth of the Philippines, also under United States sovereignty. Later independent as the Republic of the Philippines(1946). Netherlands East Indies – A collection of Dutch colonies, officially since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, up to 1799 controlled by the Dutch East India Company but occupied and administered by the British in an interregnum during the Napoleonic Wars under the authority of the Kew Letters. Became independent as Indonesia in 1945. Netherlands New Guinea – adjacent to the Netherlands East Indies until 1949, became part of Indonesia in 1963 as Irian Jaya. New Hebrides – An Anglo-French condominium until 1980. Became independent as Vanuatu. North Borneo – British colony, became part of Malaysia in 1963. Okinawa – administered by the United States from 1945 to 1972, when the island chain (Ryukyu Islands) was returned to Japan. Territory of Papua – British colony from 1884 until 1949, when it merged with the former German New Guinea to form Territory of Papua and New Guinea, which became independent as Papua New Guinea in 1975. Commonwealth of the Philippines – a territory of the USA, which became independent in 1946 as the Republic of the Philippines. Portuguese Timor – The eastern half of the island of Timor was a Portuguese colony until 1975, when independence was declared as East Timor. Indonesian troops seized the country in that same year, but it finally became independent in 2002. It is now called Timor-Leste. Kingdom of Sarawak – Independent 1842, became a British protectorate 1888–1946. Spanish East Indies – Spanish colony in the Philippines and in Micronesia until 1898. After the Spanish-American War, portions were ceded to the United States while the rest were sold to Germany. The Straits Settlements – British colony until 1946. Singapore separated out, the rest united with the Federated Malay States and the five Unfederated Malay States to form Malayan Union. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (also known as United States Pacific Trust Territory) – Joint dependency of the USA and United Nations from 1947 until 1986. Now divided into Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and the US dependency of the Northern Marianas. The British colonies of Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and Tasmania all united to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. South America Name Location Origin Fate Notes Republic of Acre present-day state of Acre, Brazil. Created 1899 declaring independence from Bolivia. Annexed by Brazil in the Treaty of Petrópolis. Three attempts at independence in 1899, 1900, and 1903. Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia present-day Eastern Patagonia in Argentina, and the Araucanía in Chile. Created 1860 by the French lawyer Orelie-Antoine de Tounens who was appointed king by indigenous Mapuches. It never controlled its vast territory and was an unrecognized state. Lost the only portion of land under its control, Perquenco, in 1862 to Chile. The micronation was allied with Napoleon III of France. Kingdom of Chimor Indigenous people of northern Peru and Ecuador. unknown (present in 1531). Incorporated into the Inca Empire in the 1470s. Chimors or the Chim migrated from Colombia over 1,000 years ago. Gran Colombia present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama. Created 1819 during wars for independence from Spain. Broke apart in 1830, formally dissolved in 1831. Successor states were Colombia, which included present-day Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Its official name was República de Colombia: there never was a state called "Greater Colombia" or "Gran Colombia"; this is an addition by later historians in order to distinguish it from the present-day Republic of Colombia. Although the literal translation is "Great Colombia", historians have traditionally chosen to translate it as "Greater Colombia".[citation needed] Inca Empire large parts of modern Ecuador, Peru, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and north-central Chile, and southern Colombia. around 1197 Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. Its capital was in Cuzco, Peru. Liga Federal present-day Uruguay and the Mesopotamia region of Argentina, also known as the state of Parana. 1830s. It was reannexed to Argentina and Brazil (now Uruguay). The land was disputed with Paraguay and Uruguay. Peru-Bolivian Confederation Approximately present-day Peru and Bolivia, plus some of northern Chile and other territories. Created 1836 through union of Republic of North Peru, Republic of South Peru, and Bolivia. Dissolved as a result of the War of the Confederation, 1839. Another conflict, the War of the Pacific followed in the 1870s. The Chileans defeated the Bolivians and Peruvians. Chile annexed the Arica and Tacna provinces in 1881, but returned Tacna to Peru in 1928. |
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